nucor case :: essays research papers

Nucor Corporation is constantly faced with obstacles and competition to overcome. This brace-making company whose name was formally adoptive in 1972, has since been on a journey to join the ranks of the worlds leading steel companies. Although this is a highly profitable industry with a U.S. market of $94.9 billion, it is highly competitory and presents many bariers to entry. Three elements of competition in this particular industry include, 1.) Technology 2) Changes in cost and efficiencies and 3) globalizationAdvances in technology can dramatically deepen an industrys landscape, making it possible to produce products at move cost and opening up whole new industry frontiers. The management at Nucor believed they could use new technology to their advantage and make bolts as cheaply as foreign producers. The traditional integrated steel mills were outdated and unable compared to new electric minimills. Nucor embraced this new technology to produce steel. They became known for co nstructing state-of-the-art facilities at the lowest possible costs and for investing aggressively in whole shebang modernization and efficiency improvements. New technology enabled minimills to triple their output in the 1990s. The new technology of twin shell electric arc furnaces helped minimills increase production, lower costs, and take additional market shares. Nucors use of advanced, efficient technologies enabled it to stay afloat when other companies could not. This use of technology also enables Nucor to lower many of the costs of maintaining environmental standards. With technological improvements to the plants and the production process, steel companies can better compete with each other. Because there is no real differentiation between products in the steel industry, companies will have to rely on technological innovation to profit in this industry. As stated above, there is no real differentiation in products in this industry. Therefore steel companies have to be abl e to produce high quality products at low cost to compete. By improving production efficiencies and cost management, they will be a more profitable company. Nucor constantly spent money researching new ways to improve the production processes and keep up with the emerging markets. Nucor was known for constructing state-of-the-art facilities at the lowest cost and investing in plant modernizing and efficiency. At the Darlington plant the manger there developed a system where less time and less capital investment were required. This helped keep the fuel usage down and this was the only mill in the United States that was doing this.

where is all of my money going? Essay -- essays research papers

While searching through various newspapers and newspaper web sites online, I realised that the biggest social problem of all is the how misinformed and uneducated the public is. In search of articles on important social problems, the most prominent topics I found were things such(prenominal) as Halliburton is awarded $72 Million in Bonuses, Putin blows of steam over baltics at EU Summit, Egypt Presidential Vote may not be very open, china is unwilling to impose sanctions on North Koreans. Although these are fairly important world issues, they arent as important as things such as planetary structural inequality, racial and ethnic problems, gender inequality and male superiority, over consumption and starvation, and globalization and technology. It seems that people are so caught up in the smaller issues that we forget that some countries are wasting too much of the worlds resources, while other countries are starving to death, and ultimately were destroying the earthly concern a t a rate faster than even imaginable. But thats not what we hear on the news because were so caught up with the frolic bride, and the naughty priests. I did, however, find an article that somewhat relates to the issue of overspending and misplacing our funds while were at it. The article is from the Los Angeles Times and is entitled $82 zillion Okd in Emergency Spending. Ive never managed national budgets, but with that kind of money we could build countries and feed billion...

Skittles :: essays research papers

SkittlesOVERVIEWSkittles is a variety entertainment and dining establishment located inWashington, D.C. . Our military mission is to bid our patrons with a unique blend oflive entertainment while delivering a top quality dining experience. We will dothis by evince service excellence and the highest level of performance in both aspects of our operations and services. Our prominent services include liveentertainment, ranging in form from comedy to wind instrument performances to poetryrecitals and others. We also offer lunch, dinner, drinks and dancing to ourcustomers.The eatery is operated by its several partners who have an equal share inownership. The partners are Tracy Jackson, James Johnson, Sonja Dawkins, KevinBrown and Steffi Carr. The eatery is ideally located on the D.C. waterfront.There it will be easily accessible to a large cross section of consumers andmake it possible to provide patrons with a safe and controlled environment.Our establishment brings a relatively new concept to the Districts restaurantindustry. What we provide is an everchanging mix of live entertainment tocustomers while serving all of their boozing and dining needs as well. We aresomewhat of a one stop, night on the town, in that we provide not only thedrinking and dining needs of person going out but we also provide, in the samelocation and depending on the night, everything from dancing to live musicperformances to a night of comedy entertainment. Because of its uniqueness tothe marketplace in D.C., Skittles has an excellent opportunity to establishitself and become a force in the restaurant/entertainment community in theDistrict. This is partly because of the limited direct competition the companyhas to face. Although direct competition is limited, there are severalestablishments which we feel will stay competition to us in the market. Theyinclude Blues Alley, Hogates, H.I. Ribsters, Phillips, Gang Plank, The Wharf,and Club 721.Despite the threats which the competition pos es to the restaurant, we arestill very confident in the major power of this concept and restaurant to thrive andsucceed in the District.SITUATION ANALYSISWe, the owners of Skittles, are very enthusiastic about our chances ofsuccess with this new and exciting restaurant concept. Our enthusiasm wasbolstered even more by what was revealed to us after performing a situationanalysis for the company. The analysis showed that as a company, our strengthsand the opportunities that exist, far outstrip our weaknesses and the threats weperceive ourselves having to face. This indicates to us that with hard work anda total team commitment, Skittles will be a definite success. As for the

Our Child of Poverty Essay -- Poverty Essays

Our baby bird of Poverty From the writer This constitution was inspired by my work on The Community Child Project and the book Amazing Grace by Jonathan Kozol. The project was a childrens literacy initiative that include discussions which pointed to poverty as being a deterrent in childrens educational success. I then began to think about perceptions of poverty held by myself an others. I incur here attempted to capture those attitudes and identify why I see them as problematic. From the teacher Sarah found her project for this course (Writing With Theory) in her work in a service learning course she was taking with Rosaria champagne in ETS. As Sarah began to write, she thought the differences among her own life and the lives of the young girls she was helping were exceedingly large. As she explored her own interests and the conversations she was having with other SU students, she came to think that the differences were much more than subtle. Her way of describing the differen ces, then, came in her use of metaphor and juxtaposition. Sarah was the student in this course who was the most use to the writing--process as well as product. From the editors This piece addresses the impoverished conditions face by urban families in America, confronting the issues that m some(prenominal) of us dismiss. Smith integrates the novel Push, by Sapphire, with anecdotes of her childishness and reflections upon her experiences with children as a maturing adult. Through application of social theory, textual analysis and literary narrative, this paper demonstrates the authors developing cognition about the hardships endured by the underprivileged and calls for the ref to apprehend these ideals. As Veronicas sisters drove home in their blackamoor Lex... ... the negative effects of our behaviors on others. This is apparent in classism with what Ill call the us-not-them phenomenon. When we are able to take apart ourselves from the other, more specifically the other livin g in poverty, at that place is no desire to remedy the situation. When we neglect to foster a sense of community between them and us there is no bond, no relationship. When there is no community it is easy to separate our actions from others. It is impossible to realize the ramifications of classism from within a culture that lacks any cohesive community. We sometimes ask why those living on the streets and in poverty do nothing to help themselves? Lets try to imagine what the reality of their initiation is. Try to see what they see. Veronica reminds me as she gives me a remonstrate in her new Pathfinder, No one would have all those factors beating them down. Our Child of Poverty Essay -- Poverty EssaysOur Child of Poverty From the writer This paper was inspired by my work on The Community Child Project and the book Amazing Grace by Jonathan Kozol. The project was a childrens literacy initiative that included discussions which pointed to poverty as being a deterre nt in childrens educational success. I then began to think about perceptions of poverty held by myself an others. I have here attempted to capture those attitudes and identify why I see them as problematic. From the teacher Sarah found her project for this course (Writing With Theory) in her work in a service learning course she was taking with Rosaria Champagne in ETS. As Sarah began to write, she thought the differences between her own life and the lives of the young girls she was helping were extremely large. As she explored her own interests and the conversations she was having with other SU students, she came to think that the differences were much more subtle. Her way of describing the differences, then, came in her use of metaphor and juxtaposition. Sarah was the student in this course who was the most dedicated to the writing--process as well as product. From the editors This piece addresses the impoverished conditions faced by urban families in America, confronting the iss ues that many of us dismiss. Smith integrates the novel Push, by Sapphire, with anecdotes of her childhood and reflections upon her experiences with children as a maturing adult. Through application of social theory, textual analysis and literary narrative, this paper demonstrates the authors developing cognition about the hardships endured by the underprivileged and calls for the reader to apprehend these ideals. As Veronicas sisters drove home in their black Lex... ... the negative effects of our behaviors on others. This is apparent in classism with what Ill call the us-not-them phenomenon. When we are able to separate ourselves from the other, more specifically the other living in poverty, there is no desire to remedy the situation. When we neglect to foster a sense of community between them and us there is no bond, no relationship. When there is no community it is easy to separate our actions from others. It is impossible to realize the ramifications of classism from within a culture that lacks any cohesive community. We sometimes ask why those living on the streets and in poverty do nothing to help themselves? Lets try to imagine what the reality of their existence is. Try to see what they see. Veronica reminds me as she gives me a ride in her new Pathfinder, No one would have all those factors beating them down.

Ballroom Dancing :: essays research papers

Ballroom Dancing The Development of Two TechniquesIt is a fact that emotion stimulates the body into movement. It has been tell that dancing is older than anything except eating, drinking and love. Civilization and conditioning has taught people to suppress this natural response notwithstanding the primitive desire legato remains. Prehistoric man expressed his emotions by movement. When speech was just developing, even primitive cave drawings depict men dancing. As time went on and linguistic process was developed, the expressive movements of early man continued but transformed from spontaneous, formal and lastly traditional aspects. These bounces were adapted as parts a social custom. This became the understructure of folk dances.Throughout the earlier dark ages, dancing was found in every country in the form of traditional folk dances. Dancing was a regular feature of the church festival days in Italy, France and England. Showing as long as people exist, the desire to move will survive. This full for movement enabled crude folk dance to survive the dull dark ages. Dances from this period were drawn from the Christian Era and by the 15th century dance records became popular, documenting the actual dances then in vogue. This is when the earliest ballroom dances were documented. One documenter, Thoimot Arbeau published Orchesographie in 1588. Arbeau lived in a time of transition where solemn dance was giving way to a livelier dance form. Even in the days of Arbeau, technique was slowly being formed by the dancing masters of the period, but it was not until the latter half of the 17th century, after Louis XIV that the hard and fast rules for execution of the every dance were laid down by the members of the honorary society and the five positions of the feet were formulated for the first time. The ballets presented in these days were spectacular based on technique. The first intertwining of the ballet and ballroom came when professional dancers appeared i n ballets and the ballets left the judicatory and went to the stage. When the ballet moved to the stage its technique became considerably enriched. Such changes went on also in ballroom dancing, in 1812, the modern hold made its demeanor in ballroom waltzes. And the next advance towards what we call modern dancing was made in the 1840s when several dances made their appearances in the ballroom. These included the Polka, Mazurka and the Schottische. at that place was also a trend to drop all decorative steps in ballroom.

Ballroom Dancing :: essays research papers

Ballroom Dancing The Development of Two TechniquesIt is a incident that emotion stimulates the body into movement. It has been said that dancing is older than anything except eating, drinking and love. Civilization and conditioning has taught people to suppress this natural response just now the primitive go for still remains. Prehistoric man expressed his emotions by movement. When speech was just developing, even primitive cave drawings depict men dancing. As snip went on and language was developed, the expressive movements of early man continued but transformed from spontaneous, formal and lastly handed-down aspects. These dances were adapted as move a social custom. This became the foundation of folk dances.Throughout the earlier dark ages, dancing was found in every country in the form of traditional folk dances. Dancing was a regular feature of the church festival days in Italy, France and England. Showing as long as people exist, the desire to move will survive. This in stinct for movement enabled crude folk dance to survive the dull dark ages. Dances from this period were drawn from the Christian Era and by the 15th century dance records became popular, documenting the actual dances then in vogue. This is when the earliest ballroom dances were documented. One documenter, Thoimot Arbeau published Orchesographie in 1588. Arbeau lived in a time of transition where solemn dance was giving way to a livelier dance form. Even in the days of Arbeau, technique was slowly being formed by the dancing masters of the period, but it was not until the latter half of the 17th century, after Louis XIV that the hard and fast rules for execution of the every dance were position down by the members of the Academy and the five positions of the feet were formulated for the first time. The ballets presented in these days were spectacular based on technique. The first intertwining of the ballet and ballroom came when sea captain dancers appeared in ballets and the ball ets left the court and went to the stage. When the ballet moved to the stage its technique became considerably enriched. Such changes went on also in ballroom dancing, in 1812, the groundbreaking hold do its appearance in ballroom waltzes. And the next advance towards what we call modern dancing was made in the 1840s when several dances made their appearances in the ballroom. These included the Polka, Mazurka and the Schottische. There was also a trend to drop all decorative steps in ballroom.

Accouting Practice Exam

FACULTY OF BUSINESS ACC carbon ACCOUNTING 1 Sample trial run TIME 9. 20 12. 30 Hours WRITING TIME Three (3) hours READING TIME Ten (10) minutes MATERIALS SUPPLIED BY UNIVERSITY Answer Booklets (4 x 6 page) usual Purpose Answer Sheet GPAS-200R MATERIALS PERMITTED IN EXAMINATION Writing implements, including a 2B pencil and an eraser Battery operated, baseball mitt held, no print facility calculator fare OF QUESTIONS Part A Thirty Part B Four (30) multiple choice (4) questionsINSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES 1. Enter your name and student number and sign in the stead provided at the bottom of this page. You must(prenominal) as well as enter your name and number in pencil on the multiple choice answer sheet, and upon the answer booklet. This mental testing consists of THIRTY (30) multiple choice questions in Part A and FOUR (4) questions in Part B. ALL questions must be answered. Part A (Multiple choice) Students must answer questions 1 30 on the answer sheet provided.Use a black l ead pencil No 2 to fill in alone the letter box corresponding to the most correct answer. To change your answer, erase completely and remark. There are no marks deducted for incorrect answers. Candidates are cognizant to show all workings in Part B clearly labelling them as such. This examination is worth 60% of the terminal assessment. Students must pass the final exam to pass the subject. INSTRUCTIONS TO INVIGILATORS 1 QUESTION PAPER MUST NOT BE RETAINED BY THE CANDIDATE. 2. 3. savant NAME ____________________________________ STUDENT No _________________ STUDENT SIGNATURE _____________________________________________________________ MULTIPLE CHOICE (1 mark each) Record your answers in pencil on the General Purpose Answer Sheet provided. 1 Purchasing inscription for funds has the following dual effect on the accounting comparison A B C D 2 increases an asset and increases a monetary obligation increases an asset and increases an opposite asset decreases an asset and increas es owners beddour decreases an asset and increases an assetPurchasing office piece of furniture partly for change and partly on credit affects the accounting equation by A B C D increasing an asset, increasing a liability and a decreasing an asset increasing an asset, decreasing a liability and decreasing an asset decreasing an asset, increasing a liability and increasing owners equity decreasing an asset, decreasing a liability and decreasing owners equity 3All of the following equations of the basic accounting equation are correct except A B C D assets = liabilities + owners equity economic resources = claims on economic resources assets liabilities = owners equity assets + owners equity = liabilities 4 A business had assets of $260,000 and liabilities of $75,000. How much is its owners equity? A B C D $0 $185,000 $335,000 $260,000 5 The business scroll that reports assets, liabilities and owners equity is called the A B C D financial statement transaction statement of fina ncial position ( equalizer sheet) statement of financial performance (profit and pass statement) 6 Terri operates a beauty salon. During the low month of ope balancen Terri performed the following proceeding i ii 3 iv v vi invested $2,000 in the business prepaid rent of $ coulomb0 purchased $1, cholecalciferol of furniture on credit purchased $100 of supplies for interchange paid $300 on the furniture purchased in iii purchased an antique mirror for $1,000, paying cash of $500 and putting $500 on credit. Using the accounting equation, the final balance on both sides is A B C D 7 3,900 3,700 4,300 4, cdUse the following information to calculate the balance in Johns Capital account. Balance of accounts for Johns Cleaning on 31 display Accounts Payable Accounts due specie at bank Equipment Supplies Bill Payable John, Capital A B C D $20,000 $17,500 $18,000 $15,000 $ 1,000 $ 1,500 $ 500 $20,000 $ 1,000 $ 4,000 ? 8 down the stairs the cash basis of accounting A B C D sort out pr ofit is the excess of cash inflows from revenue over cash outflows for expenses tax is recognized when goods are change write offs are recognized when woos are consumed B and C 3 Judys Hairdressing Salon uses cash accounting. During 2005 the salon report $41,000 in wages paid on the income statement. At social class- finis 2005 wages owing but unpaid were $2,400. If the salon changed to accrual accounting, how much would be report as wages expense for 2005? A B C D $38,600 $41,000 $43,400 $42,600 10 Which of the following statements concerning accrual accounting is true? A B C D lettuce profit is the excess of cash inflows from revenue over cash outflows for expenses tax income is recognised when make and expenses when incurred.When there are credit proceeding the accrual approach gives a better measure of economic performance than the cash approach B and C 11 Joe uses cleaning supplies on a daily basis. Under the accrual basis of accounting these supplies should be an expen se of the period in which they are A B C D uniform Received paying(a) for Used 12 Prepaid insurance is account as A B C D An asset in the balance sheet A liability in the balance sheet An expense in the income statement B and C 13 Which of the following could be reported as a prepaid expense?A B C D A maintenance agreement paid in get on with for the following two social classs absorbs owing at the end of the period drive self-collected in advance from tenants fire income unpaid at the end of the period 14 According to an inventory count Cally Printing had office supplies amounting to $100 at year-end. It had $50 of supplies at the start of the year and had purchased $600 of supplies during the year. What was the supplies expense for the year? A B C D $650 $600 $550 $500 4 15 Which of the following statements relating to the Accumulated Depreciation account is correct? A B C D It normally is a balance on the left hand side of a T-account.It reflects the portion of the cost of an asset that has been assigned to expense since the stop was purchased It provides information to users on the market measure of assets It is classified as a liability in the balance sheet The following data relates to questions 16 to 18. Pams political machine Hire purchased a machine for $6,300 on 1 July 2008. The machine had an estimated life of 7 years, at which time it was expected to have a sales agreements value of $700. The straight-line method of depreciation was used. 16 What was the amount of depreciation charged as an expense on the machine by Pams Machine Hire for year stop 30 June 2009?A B C D 17 $771 $800 $900 $1,600 What was the balance of the Accumulated Depreciation Machine account in the books of Pams Machine Hire at 30 June 2009 following the adjusting entry? A B C D $800 $1,600 $2,400 $2,700 18 What was the book value of the machine in the books of Pams Machine Hire at 30 June 2009 following the adjusting entry? A B C D $5,600 $3,900 $5,400 $5,500 5 1 9 Tom purchased two vehicles for his business on 1 January 2009. These vehicles cost $50,000 each and have a useful life of 5 years with an expected residual of $20,000 each.The adjusting entry required for depreciation on the two vehicles on 30 June 2005 is A B C D append Accumulated Depreciation $6,000 Increase Depreciation Expense $6,000 Increase Depreciation Expense $12,000 cliff Accumulated Depreciation $12,000 Increase Accumulated Depreciation $12,000 Decrease Depreciation Expense $12,000 Increase Depreciation Expense $6,000 Decrease Accumulated Depreciation $6,000 20 Unearned revenue is an example of a(n) A B C D Accrual Liability Asset Expense 21 Rent collected from a tenant in advance is considered A B C D Unearned Revenue Prepaid Expense A liability Both A and C 2 On 1 July 2009 Zoes Bar & Bistro rented out part of its prissyty at a rate of $12,000 per year. On that date, nine months rent was collected in advance and was fileed as an increase to a liability account. At 31 December 2009, (Zoes year-end) which of the following adjusting entries should be made? A B C D Increase bullion, $6,000 Increase Rent Revenue, $6,000 Decrease Rent Revenue, $3,000 Increase Unearned Rent Revenue $3,000 Decrease Unearned Rent Revenue, $6,000 Increase Rent Revenue, $6,000 Increase Rent Receivable, $6,000 Increase Rent Revenue, $6,000 23Working capital is determined by A B C D subtracting total liabilities from total assets adding menstruation liabilities to total assets subtracting menstruation liabilities from current assets adding total liabilities to current assets 6 24 Decision-makers whitethorn use liquidity proportionalitys to measure a companys financial flexibility. An example of a liquidity ratio would be the A B C D return on total assets current ratio gross profit ratio accounts receivable turnover The following information pertains to question 25. Marias Coffee reported $56 000 for current assets and $10 500 for other assets. It also had $17 000 of current liabilities.Marias quick assets totalled $22 000, and its long-term liabilities totalled $10 000. 25 Determine Marias working capital A B C D 26 $5 000 $39 000 $56 500 $12 500 The following entry appeared in the general journal of the SoHo Realty Company Office Supplies Cash Accounts Payable 2,500 500 2,000 Which of the following statements is not true about the transaction recorded in the journal entry above? A B C D SoHos cash decreased by $500 Liabilities increased as a result of the transaction SoHos signed a note as part of the transaction The asset, office supplies, increased as a result of the transaction 27 End of year records from Sallys Boutique show $ Cash 20 Salaries Payable 10 Rent Expense 100 Interest Expense 50 Prepaid Rent 30 Salary Expense 20 Rent collected in advance 20 During the closing process the total debit to the Profit and Loss Summary account would be A B C D $90 $100 $80 $170 28 Muffy Company reported the following for 2009 and 2010 Accounts recei vable, 31 December, 2009 Accounts receivable, 31 December, 2010 Sales for 2010 $ 7 000 3 000 85 000 How much cash was collected from customers during 2010? A B C D $81 000 $85 000 $89 000 $75 000Use the following information to answer Questions 29 and 30 2010 $ 20 000 50 000 54 000 130 000 6 000 230 000 127 000 560 000 340 000 2009 $ 22 000 44 000 51 000 129 000 10 000 221 000 125 000 554 000 336 000 Cash at bank Marketable securities Accounts Receivable enumeration Prepaid expenses Plant and equipment circulating(prenominal) liabilities Sales revenue (on account) Cost of goods sold 8 29 The current ratio for 2010 is A B C D 2. 151 2. 051 1. 881 1. 751 30 Receivables turnover for 2010 is A B C D 10. 4 generation 21. 3 times 4. 10 times 10. 7 times 9 PART B (ALL QUESTIONS TO BE helpED) ANSWER QUESTION IN A crude ANSWER BOOKLET.Question 1 Part A Recording transactions (20 marks) (10 marks) Matthew James religious dish ups Pty Ltd began a business consultancy serve well on 1 J uly 2010. The company uses a perpetual inventory system. The following transactions occurred during the first month of operations July 2 Shareholders invested $46000 in the business in exchange for shares in the company. 2 paying(a) $20000 for the first six months rent. 2 pay Local Energy Corp $300 as a deposit on electricity. 3 Purchased and installed shop fittings for a total cost of $21500 by issuing a cheque for $11500 and igning a commercial loan agreement for $10000. 4 Purchased supplies for $1580 4. Purchased $20000 worth of inventory for cash 6 Paid advertising expense of $1750. 16 Recorded sales for the first half of the month of $16480 in cash and $275 on account. Cost of inventory sold during the period was $7650. 20 Paid insurance expense for the first year of $1250. 23 Received a $50 payment from customers on account. 28 Paid salaries of $1500. 31 Recorded revenue for the second half of the month of $22729 in cash and $530 on account. Cost of inventory sold during the period was $10890. 1 Paid telephone account of $110 by cheque. Use the following account titles and numbers Cash at Bank, 100 Accounts Receivable, 101 Supplies, 103 Inventory 104 Deposits, 105 stool Fittings, 110 Loan Payable, 200 Share Capital, 300 Retained Profits, 310 Dividends, 320 Sales, 400 Cost of Goods Sold, 450 Rent expense, 500 Advertising expense, 501 Insurance expense, 502 call expense, 503 Salary expense, 504. requisite 1. fake the general journal entries to record the above transactions. 10 Question 1 Part B Financial teachings (10 marks)The adjusted trial balance of crossover Australia Limited at 30 April 2009, after all adjustments, is as follows Crossing Australia Ltd Adjusted Trial Balance as at 30 April 2009 Account Cash at Bank Accounts Receivable Supplies Prepaid Insurance Equipment Accumulated Depreciation equipment Building Accumulated Depreciation edifice Land Accounts Payable Interest due Wages payable Unearned Service revenue Bill payable, non-cu rrent Share capital Service Revenue Depreciation expense equipment Depreciation expense building Wages expense Interest expense Insurance expense Electricity and gas expense Supplies expense good Dr 1,370 43,740 3,690 2,290 63,930 28,430 74,330 18,260 20,000 19,550 2,280 830 3,660 69,900 64,200 98,550 6,900 3,710 60,310 5,370 8,170 4,970 6,880 305,660 Cr 305,660 need Prepare a classified Income Statement and a Balance Sheet for Crossing Australia Limited. 11 Question 2 ANSWER QUESTION IN A NEW ANSWER BOOKLET. Question 2 Part A Financial statement analysis (15 marks) (10 marks) The following information has been extracted from the financial statements and the notes of Softwoods Ltd. 010 Cash assets Marketable securities Receivables Inventories Prepaid expenses Property vegetation and equipment veritable liabilities attribute sales Cost of Goods Sold gist liabilities Total assets Net profit $34 100 110 000 74 800 187 000 4 400 308 000 183 700 979 000 587 400 593 000 650 000 98 000 2009 $37 400 104 500 77 000 173 800 6 600 269 500 167 200 951 500 573 000 567 000 612 000 83 000 Receivables and inventories balances in 2008 were the same as 2009. Required regard the following for 2010 and 2009 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Current ratio Inventory turnover ratio Receivables turnover ratio Net profit ratio Debt to total assets ratio What conclusions can you come to in relation to Softwoods Ltds liquidity, profitability and solvency? 12 Question 2 Part B Journalise adjusting entries (5 marks)The trial balance of Please-Pass-Me at 30 June 2010, the end of the financial year, is as follows Pass-Me-Please Trial Balance as at 30 June 2010 Account Cash at Bank Accounts Receivable Supplies Furniture and fixtures Accumulated Depreciation furniture and fixtures Building Accumulated Depreciation building Accounts Payable Salary Payable Unearned Service revenue Capital Drawings Service Revenues Salary Expense Supplies Expense Depreciation Expense furniture and fixtures Depreciation E xpense building Miscellaneous Expense Total Dr 198,000 370,000 6,000 100,000 40,000 250,000 130,000 380,000 45,000 293,000 65,000 286,000 172,000 Cr 13,000 1,174,000 1,174,000 Data needed for the adjusting entries include a. b. c. d. e. f. Supplies on hand at year-end, $2,000 Depreciation on furniture and fixtures, $20,000 Depreciation on building, $10,000 Salaries owed but not yet paid, $5,000 Accrued service revenue, $12,000 Of the $45,000 balance of Unearned Service Revenue, $32,000 was earned during the current financial year. Required Prepare the adjusting general journal entries. 13Question 3 ANSWER QUESTION IN A NEW ANSWER BOOKLET. Hardly practice Ltd (15 marks) As at 30 June 2008 the companys cash account in its GL has a debit balance of $5,815. 30. The bank statement balance as at 30 June 2008 showed a balance of $7,075. 80 Cr The following additional information was noted The bank collected a direct deposit of $1200 for Hardly habitual from a debtor and charged $10 for doing so. On 30 June the bank statement showed a debit entry of $550 for a dishonoured cheque deposited by just now Normal from IN Debt, a customer. The 30 June cash receipts of $1,819. 60 were not included in the bank deposits for June. They did not get processed until 1 July. Company cheque no. 480 issued to Joe Bloggs, a creditor, for $492 cleared the bank in June but it had been incorrectly recorded and posted in the companys records as $429. The bank service charge for June was $25. Interest of $48 was received. It had not been previously accrued for. Unpresented cheques at 30 June totalled $2,480. 10. Required 1. 2. Prepare the necessary adjusting entries to the companys GL as at 30 June 2008. Prepare the bank reconciliation statement as at 30 June 2008 (include workings for adjusting the GL). 14 Question 3 Part B Internal Control (5 marks) Fred Firkenstirker has worked for Derek Shonk Solicitors for some(prenominal) years. Fred hasnt taken a holiday in the last three years. One of Freds primary duties is to open the mail and list the cheques received.He also takes cash from clients when they leave. At times it is so hectic that Fred doesnt bother with giving clients a receipt for the cash paid on their accounts. He assures them he will see to it that they receive the proper credit. When the traffic is slow in the office Fred offers to help Mary post the payments received from clients to the accounts receivable ledger. She is always happy to receive his help, because he is a really conscientious worker. Required Identify any principles of internal control that may be violated in this solicitors office situation. 15 Question 4 Statement of Cash Flows (20 marks) ANSWER QUESTION IN A NEW ANSWER BOOKLET.Choice Brother Pty Limited Balance Sheet 30 June 2010 Current assets Cash at bank Accounts receivable Total current assets Non-current assets Property, plant and equipment at cost Accumulated depreciation Total non-current assets Total assets Curren t liabilities Accounts payable Salaries payable Total liabilities final ASSETS Owners equity Share Capital Retained Profits list OWNERS EQUITY 10,000 11,950 21,950 10,000 4,280 14,280 29,800 3,500 33,300 21,950 35,220 1,000 36,220 14,280 33,000 (17,000) 16,000 55,250 20,000 (8,000) 12,000 50,500 8,750 30,500 39,250 13,500 25,000 38,500 30 June 2009 Other information extracted from Choice Brothers Pty Limited Income Statement for the year ended 30 June 2010 as follows Sales Revenue Gain on disposal of PPE Salaries Expense Other Expenses (ex. Dep. ) Net Profit Other information 141,250 1,000 50,000 71,580 7,670 Equipment that to begin with cost the company $10,000 was sold during the year.The accumulated depreciated on the equipment sold was $4,000. Accounts payable balance relates to amounts owning that are classified under Other Expenses 16 Required 1. Calculate the following cash flows a) receipts from customers b) payments to employees c) payments for other expenses d) payment s for property, plant and equipment e) receipts from the sale of property, plant and equipment (10 marks) 2. Prepare the companys Cash Flows Statement for the year ended 30 June 2010. (10 marks) 17 Indicative examination solutions Part A Multiple Choice 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 D A D B C B C A C D D A A C B B A D A B D C C B B C D C B D 18PART B Question 1 Question 1 Part A Recording transactions Matthews James Services Pty Ltd General Journal Date 2010 2 Jul Account titles and explanation Cash Share Capital (Issued shares) Rent expense Cash (Paid first 6 months rent) Deposit Cash (Deposit on electricity) Post. Ref 100 300 Debit 46,000 46,000 Credit (20 marks) (10 marks) 2 Jul 500 100 20,000 20,000 2 Jul 105 100 300 300 3 Jul Shop Fittings 110 21,500 Loan Payable 200 10,000 Cash 100 11,500 (Purchased shop fittings paid part by cash and part intered by a loan agreement) Supplies Cash (Paid for supplies) Inventory Cash (Paid cas h for inventory) Advertising Expense Cash (Paid advertising expense) 103 100 1,580 1,580 4 Jul 4 Jul 104 100 20,000 20,000 6 Jul 01 100 1,750 1,750 16 Jul Cash 100 Accounts Receivable 101 Sales 400 Cost of Goods Sold 450 Inventory 104 (To record first half month sales) 20 Jul Insurance Expense Cash (Paid 1 year insurance policy) 502 100 16,480 275 16,755 7,650 7,650 1,250 1,250 19 23 Jul Cash 100 Accounts Receivable 101 (To record collection of accounts receivable) 28 Jul Salary Expense Cash (Paid salaries) 504 100 50 50 1,500 1,500 31 Jul Cash 100 Accounts Receivable 101 Sales 400 Cost of Goods Sold 450 Inventory 104 (To record second half month sales) 31 Jul Telephone expense Cash (Paid Telephone expense) 503 100 22,729 530 23,259 10,890 10,890 110 110 20 Question 1 Part BFinancial Statements Crossing Australia Ltd Income Statement For the Year Ended 30 April 2009 (10 marks) Revenues Service revenue Expenses Wage expense Interest expense Depreciation expense equipment Supplies ex pense Insurance expense Electricity and gas expense Depreciation expense building Total expenses Net profit $98,550 $60,310 8,170 6,900 6,880 5,370 4,970 3,710 96,310 $2,240 21 Question 1 Part B continued Crossing Australia Ltd Balance Sheet As at 30 April 2009 Assets Current Assets Cash at Bank Accounts Receivable Supplies Prepaid Insurance Total current assets Non-Current Assets Equipment Less Acc. Depreciation Building Less Acc.Depreciation Land Total Non-Current Assets TOTAL ASSETS Liabilities Current Liabilities Accounts Payable Interest Payable Wages Payable Unearned Service Revenue Total Current Liabilities Non-Current Liabilities Bill Payable TOTAL LIABILITIES NET ASSETS Owners Equity Share Capital Retained Profits OWNERS EQUITY $ 1, 370 43,740 3, 690 2, 290 $ 51,090 $63,930 (28,430) 74,330 (18,260) $35,500 56,070 20,000 111,570 $162,660 $19,550 2,280 830 3,660 26,320 69,900 96,220 $66,440 64,200 2,240 $66,440 22 Question 2 Question 2 Part A Financial statement analysis (15 marks) (10 marks) Formulae 1. Current ratio = Current assets/ Current liabilities 2. Stock turn (Inventory turnover) = COGS/ Average inventory 3. Debtors turn (Receivables turnover) = Net sales/ Average net receivables 4. Net profit ratio = net profit/net sales 5.Debt to total assets ratio = total liabilities/total assets Calculations 2010 Current assets $34,100 + $110,000 + $74,800 + $187,000 + $4,400 = $410,300 2009 Current assets $37,400 + $104,500 + $77,000 + $173,800 + $6,600 = $399,300 2010 Average inventory ($187,000 + $173,800)/2 2009 Average inventory $173, 800 * assumed 2008 and 2009 same balances 2010 Average receivables ($74,800 + $77,000)/2 = $75,900 2009 Average receivables $77,000 * assumed 2008 and 2009 same balances 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Current ratio Stock turn Debtors turn Net profit Debt to assets 2010 410,300/183,700 = 2. 23 587,400/180,400 = 3. 26 979,000/75,900 = 12. 90 98,000/979,000 = 10% 593,000/650,000 = . 91 2009 399,300/167,200 = 2. 39 573,000/173,800 = 3. 1 9 51,500/77,000 = 12. 35 83,000/951,500 = 8. 7% 567,000/612,000 = . 92 Liquidity Although it has declined more or less in 2004, Softwoods is financially sound in the short term with more than $2 in current assets to meet every $1 in current liabilities Profitability Net profit ratio has improved marginally in 2004 with Softwoods able turning 10c of every $1 of sales into profit. For a complete picture however the ratio would need to be compared to industry. Softwoods is collecting its debtors balances at the rate of more than 12 times per year and therefore slightly better than once a month. Stock turnover however is rather slow at just over three times per year.Of course the record of the industry would need to be considered to assess whether this level of turnover was within expectations. Solvency Softwoods is carrying a high level of long term debt with barely enough assets to cover liabilities. This raises some concern about their long term viability 23 Question 2 Part B Jour nalising adjusting entries Pass-Me-Please General Journal 30 June 2010 (5 marks) a) Dr Supplies Expense Cr Supplies b) Dr Depreciation Expense Cr Acc Depreciation (F&F) c) Dr Depreciation Expense Cr Acc Depreciation (Building) d) Dr Salaries Expense Cr Salary Payable e) Dr Accounts Receivable Cr Service Revenues f) Dr Unearned Service Revenue Cr Service Revenues 4,000 4,000 20,000 20,000 10,000 10,000 5,000 5,000 12,000 12,000 32,000 32,000 24Question 3 Question 3 Part A Date Bank reconciliation Debit (15 marks) (10 marks) Credit Account Titles and Explanation June 30 Cash at Bank Bank Charges Accounts Receivable 30 Accounts Receivable IN Debt Cash at Bank 30 Accounts Payable Joe Bloggs Cash at Bank 30 Bank Charges Cash at Bank 30 Cash at Bank Interest Revenue 1,190 10 1,200 550 550 63 63 25 25 48 48 (1) Original Cash at Bank account balance Add Interest Collection of note receivable ($1,200 less collection fee $10) Less Dishonoured cheque Error in recording cheque no. 2480 Bank s ervice charge Adjusted Cash at Bank account balance $5,815. 30 48. 00 1,190. 00 ($550. 00) (63. 00) (25. 0) 1,238. 00 7,053. 30 (638. 00) $6,415. 30 Hardly Normal Limited Bank reconciliation Statement As at 30 June 2007 Balance as per bank statement Add Outstanding deposits Less Unpresented cheques Balance as per Cash at Bank Account (1) Workings $7,075. 80 1,819. 60 8,895. 40 (2,480. 10) $6,415. 30 25 Question 3 Part B Internal Control (5 marks) This may not be an exhaustive list. Additional control issues identified must actually link to the scenario provided in the question. Violations 1. It is Marys responsibility to post payments to patient accounts. In allowing Fred to advert her, the establishment of responsibility principle is violated. 2.Although it appears to be a small office, it is not appropriate that Fred opens the mail, receives and records cash receipts from clients, and also appears to have custody of cash. This situation violates the requisition of duties princi ple. By posting to clients accounts it would be possible to post credits to patient accounts and pocket the cash. 3. The documentation principle is violated when clients are not given cash receipts. Although many professional offices do not have cash registers, computerised or manual receipts are customary and necessary. 4. Independent internal verification is also beingness violated. There is no independent counting of the cash and comparison to total receipts. 5. Other controls are being violated. There is no mention of Fred being bonded. Also, personnel should be required to take olidays to increase the likelihood of fraud being detected. 26 Question 4 Required 1 Statement of Cash Flows (20 marks) Receipts from customers = Sales revenue + opening accounts receivable closing accounts receivable = 141,250 + 25,000 30,500 = 135,750 ? Payments to employees = salaries expense + opening salaries payable closing salaries payable = 50,000 + 1,000 3,500 = 47,500 ? Payments for other operational expenses = other operating expenses + opening accounts payable closing accounts payable = 71,580 + 35,220 29,800 = 77,000 ? Payment for purchases of PPE = increase in cost value of PPE + cost value of PPE sold = 13,000 + 10,000 = 23,000 ?Receipts from sale of PPE (is a two step process) = Original cost of assets accumulated depreciation = carrying value of asset sold = 10,000 4,000 = 6,000 Carrying value of asset sold + profit on disposal (OR less loss on disposal) = 6,000 + 1,000 = 7,000 Required 2 Choice Brothers Pty Limited Cash Flows Statement (Partial) For the Year Ended 30 June 2010 Cash flows from operating activities $ Cash collections From customers Cash payments To employees For other operating expenses Net cash generated by operating activities Cash flows from investing activities Cash collections From sale of PPE Cash payments For purchase of PPE Net cash generated by investing activities Net movement in cash Opening balance in cash 1 July 2009 Closing b alance in cash 30 June 2010 135,750 (47,500) (77,000) 11,250 ? 7,000 (23,000) (16,000) (4,750) 13,500 8,750 27 28

Daniel Defoe

G allerys Barbarians The alma of Susan Van Canteen Gallagher article, Torture and the Novel J. M. Cotters Walling for the Barbarians Is to unpick further what the concord Walling for the Barbarians is saying about the humans psyche and how the novel analyzes imperialism. By finding its worry on the issues about ethics and violence and discovering the saltation of human brutality, wait for the Barbarians tests humankind and imperialism in some(prenominal) ports. Offering a psychoanalytic debate of Waiting for the Barbarians, this reading concentrates on the Influence of business organisation in unman psyche and Imperialism egotism-destructive Influence.How far-offer and anxiety drive out go and how far affiliates of society spate follow a blind power Is the mall fear of this study. As Cotters Waiting for the Barbarians is a figurative novel, this endeavor will try to understand the symbols created in relative to the pressures raised in the novel. The analysis of the accou nts raised in the book, may be broken d own into the adjacent mall modules. After gang brief evidence about the writer and the book In the overview, the essay will carry on with observing the characters as targets of theEmpire, which symbolizes the imperialist system. The first object is the barbarian girl, ace in which will be studied in relation to her individualism as an outsider and as an enemy of the Empire. The Magistrate as the second victim and his self-journey will be perceived in relative to his slowness to come to be the opposite. Then in the following section, the Empire as the prey of itself and its self-destructive power will be recognized. At the conclusion, the knack to gainsay Issues will be discussed.J_M_ cottage Is a southward African writer born In Cape Town In 1940. In relative to the writers experience, it is great to note that, this essay takes in view Cotters expostulation against imperialism and makes an examination of Waiting for the Barbarians dep expirying on his defiance towards it. I think in his novel Cottage disapproves of the unreal unknown Empire and by doing this actually he takes away from Imperialist systems. Waiting for the Barbarians Is a novel about the impression of the spin chamber on the life of a man of principles.The man of principles Is the main(prenominal) hero of the novel who Is an elderly Magistrate living In a two order township which is removed from other words, of an indeterminate Empire. He has accountability and leave of keeping the outpost for the provision of the Empire but then loses his authority when the Empire sent fortify forces to defend the town from the barbarians. The protagonist disputes the unjust parcel out of the barbarians even though the Empire perceives them as a hazardous tribe getting ready to round the base and clash against the Empire.When he returns an arrested barbarian woman, he expresses sympathy and c atomic number 18s to her concourse, but is blamed for reason a nd imprisoned akin the barbarians. He becomes the subject of cruelty, shame and suffering. What is elating in the novel is that, the leading protagonist, at the end of his tommyrot, also turns out to be the other kindredwise the barbarian girl he cherished and assist In the beginning of his story. The Magistrate questions the power of the Empires in which by this action, his process of separateness begins.To unite the girl with her tribe he reaches a decision to make an voyage and pass through the remote desert to the barbarians which is thought to attack the outpost. Through the journey in the desert his limits to the Empire comes loose and when he enters the realm of the other lots of things change in his mind. Similar to this subconsciously hard Journey, he also concludes a complex psychological Journey of unraveling himself from the Empire and from its ethical understanding.After his return, his otherness is completed go he is now viewed as a traitor and he is look upon as guilt-ridden as the barbarians without any doubts since the other is perpetually the guilty one. The Magistrate is essentially comfortable with his arrest trance his otherness plaits his destiny and responsibility to the Empire and as the other and as the focus of torture and humiliation, the purge of his soul starts which he longs for. The Magistrate not once closes his eyeball to the ferocity the Empire is expressing on the barbarians interchangeable the other members of the society.Although he knows that he will receive misfortune, he never acts as if he is assisting the act of torture. so because of his ethics, he is corrected to be the other in his society. Nobody but the Magistrate is sore to the violence exemplified by the man of the Empire, Colonel Joel, UT Magistrate makes his ethical standpoint. As a consequence it can be said that, the system drives two character, individual and idea different than its prejudice, to its limits and penalizes every struggle to it s self. Even if the struggle is against violence.I think by displaying how a group of heap, with the authority to put fear in peoples souls, can direct what is right and wrong, Cottage critiques the submissive and sightless members of the civilization. In the novel, how people can Just go with the crowd without even thinking once, is demonstrated very clearly. Even though people of the town knew for years that the barbarians were kind and mild people and even though Just like the Magistrate they know that truly they would not attack the town while it is not their style, they all watched the viciousness of the Empires army embodying on them.More amazingly, although the crowd appreciated and liked the Magistrate when he was in the power and although he is one of them, they overlooked the worrying he experienced. Further much they watch his suffering the hanging, like observing a theatrical performance. Moreover they laugh. This clearly wows that fear from the other, results in carel essness and blindness. The novel in fact portrays the psychological self-journey of a man. His mind is like the antiquity of the town. The Magistrates pastime is to excavate the skeletons of ancient houses and remains.He tries to comprehend the characters on wooden slips he found. passim the book, the pre-symbolic figures are always a mystery for him the same way his unconscious state of mind is a mystery. I think his diggings and findings of some ancient origins which he does not understand their meanings of, is symbol of self-discovery through his own past and mind. The ancient civilized society can signify his unconsciousness and the external yet the naive realism he is living can symbolize his consciousness.Similarly, in the old characters, he believes he finds some hints about himself in his dreams. The olden writings are not available to his conscious as well as his unconscious. Through his dreams and his relationship with the barbarian girl. The Magistrate attempts to track the altered and tortured figure of the barbarian girl both in his dreams and in his washing ritual. In correspondence to the Magistrate, the barbarian girls body is a helping hand to be deciphered in the same way the characters on the wooden slips he had excavated had been deciphered.Through her body and the ancient script he found, he actually touches on himself and his own longings, uncertainties and suppressed feelings. The matters observed and the pressures raised in Waiting for the Barbarians, cannot be cast off so effortlessly. Throughout this paper, I did my best to focus on how Cottage tests imperialism without even declaring its name through describing the self-journey and the inner self of a man of ethics.I reason that Cotters use of torture chamber and his complete account of viciousness, agony and terror is the rebellious side of the book. The effect of terror and viciousness, both portrayed psychically and mentally in the story by the tortured figure of the barbarian girl and the account of the Magistrates mental state. Expressing torture to the narrator of the book is the way, which makes the reader to observe the cruelty of the system. Cottage in reality creates a satirical comment about imperialism at the end of the novel by exposing the Empires self-destruction.I would like to end my essay by giving the pass along that the Magistrate gives to Colonel Joel at the end of the book, in which I believe sums up the books missive which the author is giving to all societies and civilizations. I am saying all societies because in the book the location, the period or values of the Empire and the outpost is not stated. Likewise, excluding Colonel Joel, the characters in the book do not have names. Even the Magistrate, the main protagonist, is without name. He is the Magistrate. I reflect that by not centralizing and not naming the characters, theEmpire gives the reader a mundane look to recognize with that culture and with the characters of the stor y more effortlessly. This vagueness styles the book to expose to all kind of imaginings and creates an accessibility to all civilizations. Correspondingly, as Cottage makes the story of fear and distress, he calls on every individual one by one, and therefore calls out to every society and culture. The Magistrate The crime that is latent in us we moldiness inflict on ourselves, I say. I nod and nod, driving the message at home. Not on others, l say I repeat the words, pointing my chest, pointing at his.Daniel DefoeGallerys Barbarians The alma of Susan Van Canteen Gallagher article, Torture and the Novel J. M. Cotters Walling for the Barbarians Is to untangle further what the book Walling for the Barbarians is saying about the human psyche and how the novel analyzes imperialism. By finding its fear on the issues about ethics and violence and discovering the bounds of human brutality, Waiting for the Barbarians tests humankind and imperialism in several ways. Offering a psychoanalytic debate of Waiting for the Barbarians, this reading concentrates on the Influence of fear in unman psyche and Imperialism self-destructive Influence.How far-offer and anxiety can go and how far affiliates of society can follow a blind power Is the mall fear of this essay. As Cotters Waiting for the Barbarians is a figurative novel, this essay will try to understand the symbols created in relative to the pressures raised in the novel. The analysis of the accounts raised in the book, may be broken down into the following mall modules. After gang brief evidence about the writer and the book In the overview, the essay will carry on with observing the characters as targets of theEmpire, which symbolizes the imperialist system. The first object is the barbarian girl, one in which will be studied in relation to her individualism as an outsider and as an enemy of the Empire. The Magistrate as the second victim and his self-journey will be perceived in relative to his calculation to come to be the other. Then in the next section, the Empire as the prey of itself and its self-destructive power will be recognized. At the conclusion, the knack to challenge Issues will be discussed.J_M_ Cottage Is a South African writer born In Cape Town In 1940. In relative to the writers experience, it is important to note that, this essay takes in thought Cotters objection against imperialism and makes an examination of Waiting for the Barbarians depending on his defiance towards it. I think in his novel Cottage disapproves of the imaginary unknown Empire and by doing this actually he takes away from Imperialist systems. Waiting for the Barbarians Is a novel about the impression of the torture chamber on the life of a man of principles.The man of principles Is the main hero of the novel who Is an elderly Magistrate living In a two order township which is remote from other words, of an indeterminate Empire. He has accountability and authority of keeping the outpost for the provision of t he Empire but then loses his authority when the Empire sent armed forces to defend the town from the barbarians. The protagonist disputes the unjust conduct of the barbarians even though the Empire perceives them as a hazardous tribe getting ready to attack the base and clash against the Empire.When he returns an arrested barbarian woman, he expresses sympathy and cares to her people, but is blamed for reason and imprisoned like the barbarians. He becomes the subject of cruelty, shame and suffering. What is stimulating in the novel is that, the leading protagonist, at the end of his story, also turns out to be the other likewise the barbarian girl he cherished and aided In the beginning of his story. The Magistrate questions the power of the Empires in which by this action, his process of otherness begins.To unite the girl with her tribe he reaches a decision to make an excursion and pass through the remote desert to the barbarians which is thought to attack the outpost. Through the journey in the desert his limits to the Empire comes loose and when he enters the realm of the other lots of things change in his mind. Similar to this subconsciously hard Journey, he also concludes a complex psychological Journey of unraveling himself from the Empire and from its ethical understanding.After his return, his otherness is completed while he is now viewed as a traitor and he is look upon as guilt-ridden as the barbarians without any doubts since the other is always the guilty one. The Magistrate is essentially comfortable with his arrest while his otherness plaits his destiny and responsibility to the Empire and as the other and as the focus of torture and humiliation, the purification of his soul starts which he longs for. The Magistrate not once closes his eyes to the ferocity the Empire is expressing on the barbarians like the other members of the society.Although he knows that he will receive misfortune, he never acts as if he is assisting the act of torture. Ther efore because of his ethics, he is corrected to be the other in his society. Nobody but the Magistrate is sore to the violence exemplified by the man of the Empire, Colonel Joel, UT Magistrate makes his ethical standpoint. As a consequence it can be said that, the system drives every character, individual and idea different than its prejudice, to its limits and penalizes every struggle to its self. Even if the struggle is against violence.I think by displaying how a group of people, with the authority to put fear in peoples souls, can direct what is right and wrong, Cottage critiques the submissive and sightless members of the civilization. In the novel, how people can Just go with the crowd without even thinking once, is demonstrated very clearly. Even though people of the town knew for years that the barbarians were kind and mild people and even though Just like the Magistrate they know that truly they would not attack the town while it is not their style, they all watched the vic iousness of the Empires army embodying on them.More amazingly, although the crowd appreciated and liked the Magistrate when he was in the power and although he is one of them, they overlooked the agony he experienced. Furthermore they watch his suffering the hanging, like observing a theatrical performance. Moreover they laugh. This clearly wows that fear from the other, results in carelessness and blindness. The novel in fact portrays the psychological self-journey of a man. His mind is like the antiquity of the town. The Magistrates pastime is to excavate the skeletons of ancient houses and remains.He tries to comprehend the characters on wooden slips he found. Throughout the book, the pre-symbolic figures are always a mystery for him the same way his unconscious state of mind is a mystery. I think his diggings and findings of some ancient origins which he does not understand their meanings of, is symbol of self-discovery through his own past and mind. The ancient civilized societ y can signify his unconsciousness and the external yet the reality he is living can symbolize his consciousness.Similarly, in the old characters, he believes he finds some hints about himself in his dreams. The olden writings are not available to his conscious as well as his unconscious. Through his dreams and his relationship with the barbarian girl. The Magistrate attempts to track the altered and tortured figure of the barbarian girl both in his dreams and in his washing ritual. In accord to the Magistrate, the barbarian girls body is a script to be deciphered in the same way the characters on the wooden slips he had excavated had been deciphered.Through her body and the ancient script he found, he actually touches on himself and his own longings, uncertainties and suppressed feelings. The matters observed and the pressures raised in Waiting for the Barbarians, cannot be cast off so effortlessly. Throughout this paper, I did my best to focus on how Cottage tests imperialism witho ut even declaring its name through describing the self-journey and the inner self of a man of ethics.I reason that Cotters use of torture chamber and his complete account of viciousness, agony and terror is the rebellious side of the book. The effect of terror and viciousness, both portrayed psychically and mentally in the story by the tortured figure of the barbarian girl and the account of the Magistrates mental state. Expressing torture to the narrator of the book is the way, which makes the reader to observe the cruelty of the system. Cottage in reality creates a satirical comment about imperialism at the end of the novel by exposing the Empires self-destruction.I would like to end my essay by giving the message that the Magistrate gives to Colonel Joel at the end of the book, in which I believe sums up the books missive which the author is giving to all societies and civilizations. I am saying all societies because in the book the location, the period or values of the Empire an d the outpost is not stated. Likewise, excluding Colonel Joel, the characters in the book do not have names. Even the Magistrate, the main protagonist, is without name. He is the Magistrate. I reflect that by not centralizing and not naming the characters, theEmpire gives the reader a casual look to recognize with that culture and with the characters of the story more effortlessly. This vagueness styles the book to expose to all kind of imaginings and creates an accessibility to all civilizations. Correspondingly, as Cottage makes the story of fear and distress, he calls on every individual one by one, and therefore calls out to every society and culture. The Magistrate The crime that is latent in us we must inflict on ourselves, I say. I nod and nod, driving the message at home. Not on others, l say I repeat the words, pointing my chest, pointing at his.

Film Review: Boys Don’t Cry

Boys Dont Cry is a photo examining the carriage of the modern Teena Brandon. It is an intense movie that follows her journey to self-discovery and essenti all toldy her passing. Boys Dont Cry not hardly explores how difficult it is to be queer but also what it means to have a sexual identity crisis (as Brandon puts it). Brandon goes through so much to cover his true identity and in the end nothing is enough. This adaptation of a true story engages and walks the watcher through the difficulties transgender throng have in life.The opening crack of Boys Dont Cry lets the audience k straight off that Teena Brandon has now become Brandon Teena. Following the lines of New Queer Cinema this film gives the egressside world a new-fashioned counseling to look at transgender individuals. This film breaks new ground by showing true crime material through the prism of New Queer Cinema (Brooks, 2000) The fact that what happened to Brandon was true makes this movie all the more important . Both straights and queers tolerate watch this movie in disgust and learn something from it also.Discrimination (any type and in this case especially sexual) should be stopped. Examining this movie more in depth the audience gets a look not only in the life of Brandon but of the people he surrounds himself with. In the Film diary article Driving into the Dustless Highway of Queer Cinema By Daniel Mudie Cunningham he gives hazardground information about falls City, Nebraska. Being a native San Franciscan myself it helped to fuck what waterfall City was all about because of the obvious contrast between California and Nebraska. Cunningham describes the wall people in his article.The wall people in travel City are bored kids who congregate against the wall at the Qwik Stop convenience store all night long. This is actually a subculture in Falls City. The activities that Brandon and his friends do in the film are what actually happen there. Karaoke and whip-its are the thing to d o for fun in a place life Falls City. An interesting point that Cunningham brings up is that the lives the wall people live and essential the life Brandon wants to be in entraps them more to the rural un-open minded kind of life style.Brandon doesnt see that moving from Lincoln to a more rural town like Falls City is a bad idea. I break it interesting that for the people in Falls City they probably would have done anything to get out of there but Brandon found refuge and called it his home. level off his love, Lana, wanted to get out of Falls City and go as far as Memphis. In actuality no one got to leave and if time could be turned back Brandon and Lana should have made their escape from the beginning. The reasons Brandon didnt want to leave Falls City was because he thought that he had finally been certain and he had found what he was looking for his whole life.Through out the movie we see Brandon searching for the perfect girl. His cousin, Lonnie, even says on the phone call b ack home from Falls City no more girls The romantic aspect of this film re-examines what romantic movies are really about. In this film Brandon is the apidemy of hot for a girl living in Nebraska. And even though Brandon has a secret no one cares because the way he talks and treats girls in interpreted as cute and loving so the lie doesnt matter. When transforming from Teena to Brandon she/he chooses the sweetheart cowboy to be her male persona.With a cowboy hat and a micro bit of a twang Brandon is able to sweep girls of their feet. Even with the first girl in the opening scene, Nicole, she points out that Brandon isnt from around here and when asked where he is from she replies somewhere beautiful. Brandons boyish/girlish good looks and cowboy Im here to save you charm wins everyone over. Enough so that his small body-build and high voice gets left unnoticed. However no matter where Brandon would have went his identity could not be left behind.Brandon through out the whole movi e was trying to be someone he wasnt. Hiding his identity got him in all kinds of trouble. The reason he was found out was because of the petty crimes he move trying to prove himself as a man. The beginning of Brandons undoing was when the gang and him were driving down the highway evading the police. Cunningham once again noted that this scene was an escape for Brandon but can also be seen as his downfall. Brandons life begins to swirl down the drain when little bits of is identity came out, from the ticket to the chip shot written by Teena Brandon. As the events go by it is interesting that when Brandon finally gets some action form Lana she doesnt freak out when she discovers he is a she. Brandon doesnt exactly tell her but in the scene where they are first making love Lana sees Brandons cleavage. In the article written by Xan Brooks for Sight and Sound Lanas trust in Brandon is seen as commendable and endearing. To the very end Lana believed whatever Brandon believed and that w as that he is a man.To bad for Brandon not all of his compadres were that trusting. The end of Boys Dont Cry can definitely make one cry. The gut-wrenching finale is hard to take. When all is found out Brandons friends, especially John and tom turkey, turn against him and break him down in the worst way possible. The rape scene is crude and shows the destruction of Brandons life. Instantly he is turned back into Teena and is striped of all dignity and courage. All the characters worst personality traits prevail here except for Lanas.Every one turns on Brandon including Lanas generate who at one point was completely in love with him calling him a movie star. After the rape when Brandon was reporting it to the police the way the police treated him was horrible. The questions about his sexuality were not pertinent to the rape and were said almost to humiliate him and insinuate that it was brought on because of his lie. A rape dupe in Brandons case or in any other case has historically been led to believe that she brought it on herself for being sexy or for the clothes she wears.Movies like this can be used to open the doors to show the public how disgusting and unforgivable rape can be, especially when done out of the need for control by men. In the case of Brandon John and Tom had be threatened by Brandons cordial manner from the beginning. Brandon who knew exactly how to disport women, both carnally and emotionally (Brooks, 2000) was more masculine in the way he treated women that when it was found out he was a she John and Tom finally found their chance to be superior and raped her. After rape death can be the worst thing to happen to a woman.After Brandons dignity was taken from him his life was also taken. After a beautiful scene when Lana and Brandon fully make love John and Tom go steady Brandon hiding out at Candices house and come for him. John purposefully takes Lana with them so she can witness the death of her lover. This ending scene is not typica l however for a suspense movie. Brandon is killed instantly after some screaming and comes as a unmannerly shock to the audience. The death of Candice happens the same, very blunt and unexpected, with her child right beside her.Boys Dont Cry was almost too much to absorb. Brandons intense death goes to show how closed-minded people can be. Brandon did nothing in his life but be the person he wanted to be and yet because that didnt fit into the norm other people held he was murdered. The life and death of Brandon can be seen as a learning tool and a way to see how discrimination can only lead to bad things happening. Everyone should be left to their own devices and should be able to be whoever they want to be.

Uses and Gratifications Theory

USES AND GRATIFICATIONS THEORYThe uses and gratification perspectives takes the view of the media consumer. It examines how peopleuse the media and the gratification they seek and receive from their media behaviors. Uses andgratification researchers assume that consultation that audience members are aware of and can articulatetheir reasons for consuming various media content.HistoryThe uses and gratifications approach has its roots in the 1940s when researchers became interested inwhy people engaged in various forms of media behaviour, such(prenominal) as radio earshot or newspaper sympathiseing. These early studies were primarily descriptive, seeking to classify the responses of audience membersinto meaningful categories. For example, Herzog in 1944 identified three types of gratificationassociated with listening to radio soap, operas emotional release, wishful thinking and obtaining advice.Berelson in 1949 took advantage of a New York news paper strike to ask people why they read thepaper, the responses fell into five major categories reading for information, reading for social prestige,reading for escape, reading as a tool for daily living, and reading for a social context. These earlystudies had precise theoretical coherence in fact many were inspired by the practical needs of newspaperpublishers and radio broadcasters to know the motivations of their audience in order to process them moreefficiently.The next step in the development of this research began during the late 1950s and continued during intothe 1960s, in this phase the emphasis was on identifying and operationalizing the many social andpsychological variables that were presumed to the antecedents of antithetic patterns of consumption andgratification. Wilbur Schramm in 1954 asked the question, what determines which offerings of mass communicationwill be selected by a given individual? the answer he offered is called the fraction of selection, and itlooks like

Freedom of Air

* First Freedom of the aureole the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled supranational air services, granted by one and only(a) soil to another State or States to fly across its grunge without landing (also known as a First Freedom Right). * Second Freedom of the furrow the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, granted by one State to another State or States to land in its territory for non- duty purposes (also known as a Second Freedom Right). Third Freedom of The parentage the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, granted by one State to another State to put rarify, in the territory of the first State, traffic coming from the home State of the carrier (also known as a Third Freedom Right). * Fourth Freedom of The denudate the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, granted by one State to another State to take on, in the territory of the first State, traffic destin ed for the home State of the carrier (also known as a Fourth Freedom Right). 5th Freedom of The bearing the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, granted by one State to another State to put down and to take on, in the territory of the first State, traffic coming from or destined to a third State (also known as a Fifth Freedom Right). ICAO characterizes all freedoms beyond the Fifth as so-called because only the first five freedoms have been officially recognized as such by international treaty. Sixth Freedom of The Air the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, of transporting, via the home State of the carrier, traffic lamentable between two other States (also known as a Sixth Freedom Right). The so-called Sixth Freedom of the Air, unlike the first five freedoms, is not incorporated as such into any widely recognized air service agreements such as the Five Freedoms Agreement. Seventh Freedom of The Air the ri ght or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, granted by one State to another State, of transporting traffic between the territory of the granting State and any third State with no requirement to include on such operation any point in the territory of the recipient role State, i. e the service need not connect to or be an extension of any service to/from the home State of the carrier. Eighth Freedom of The Air the right or privilege, in respect of scheduled international air services, of transporting cabotage traffic between two points in the territory of the granting State on a service which originates or terminates in the home country of the foreign carrier or (in connection with the so-called Seventh Freedom of the Air) outside the territory of the granting State (also known as a Eighth Freedom Right or consecutive cabotage). Ninth Freedom of The Air the right or privilege of transporting cabotage traffic of the granting State on a service performed ent irely within the territory of the granting State (also known as a Ninth Freedom Right or stand alone cabotage). Source http//www. icao. int/icao/en/trivia/freedoms_air. htm

The Virgin Group

Sam Yates-Smith Student ID 000292201 CASE STUDY 6 THE VIRGIN concourse 1. The corporate rationale of the virgin group is to re-ignite static industries, with fresh ideas and developments, thus offering the consumer differentiation. Diversification is an extremely most-valuable attribute of Virgins rationale. Their SBUs improve Virgins area and therefore its existing commercializes and products. Virgin uses the political theory of the corporate parent to add structure and guidance to its various business units, which in wrestle adds value due to the effective, disciplined approach that the rationale provides. . There are certain strategic relationships between businesses within the Virgin portfolio, these lie in economies of scope. This term refers to the notion that the Virgin groups have synergy amongst its SBUs, therefore utilizing free standing tangible and intangible resources in order to fully comprehend and converge a particular new environment or mart. This adds value to a new market whilst ensuring resources are not wasted.An example within Virgin would be their research into the global oil market and the search for greener fuels for its airlines. 3. Virgin as a corporate parent adds value to its group via the collective ambition and ideology which is ascertained via the strength of the Virgin brand. One aspect of Virgins Corporate parenting is the ideology of envisioning. Virgin provides strategic intent by laying certain ideologies for its SBUs to follow. This provides discipline and strong methodologies for the units to adhere too.Another element of value adding via Virgins parenthood can be explained using the BCG matrix. The Virgin groups portfolio shows high market share and strong growth within their markets. These positive denotations enable management to visualize the potential of concurrent markets and ensure growth is fully realized. 4. The greatest menace that the Virgin brand may become associated with failure (Johnson et al, 2009) . This signifies one of the issues facing the Virgin group.The larger the Virgin portfolio gets, the more issues they will face regarding the density of their diversification and therefore ensuring consumers are not undermined and loyalty is retained. Another issue is that of waning portfolio and growth which is susceptible to slowing down. Recognition of Stars (BCG) turning into Dogs is extremely important to ensure the correct visualization is atoned for and that growth is relative to the portfolios strength as a whole and not allowed to become complacent, leading to surplus resources and market share. 1

An Apology Letter Essay

The electron microscope was foremost created in 1933 and magnified up to a meg propagation. First electron microscope was a transmission. It utilize electrons to recreate an moving-picture show. S female genital organning electron microscope developed later, it uses a beam of particles to scan across specimen to recreate image of its surface. They are used for the viewing of biological and inorganic species. Electron microscope has higher resolution than weak microscope allowing higher magnification. imperfect microscope has limited magnification as on that point is a physical limit imposed by photons. The stereomicroscope has low level of magnification, but gives 3-D view. Electron microscopes give a view of structures that would not commonly be visible by optical microscopy. Bonus to light microscopes is that it is possible to view living electric cells, in the electron microscope the specimen must be wry so it is not possible to observe the living. Anti-body viruses wer e first observed by electron microscope in 1941. Electron tomography has demonstrated the structure of viruses. Had discovers with cell ultrastructures and individual atoms have been observed. It has viewed nerve and muscle cells and various pollen has been observed.The heterogeneous light microscope or optical microscope is a piece of technology that uses light and magnifying lenses to observe down(p) objects which cannot be let outn by the naked eye. The ingenious theory behind light and magnification combined forms a complex enhancement of specimen identification/observation. Light microscopes enable more opport unities for knowledge in biology, research, and material science. The light microscope can magnify up to a whopping 1,500 clock on that pointfore the specimen has to be small enough for light to pass through it and it displays a 2D view of the specimen. The compound light microscope is able to have one eyepiece (monocular) or two eyepieces (binocular) to look throug h.Light microscopes were used to discover a very important specimen. They were used to discover cells such as blood cells. The stereo microscope is know as the optical microscope. It has low magnification. It reflects light off the specimen, it has two separate optical paths and is used to study solid specimens. The primary use for the stereomicroscope is looking at large and solid surfaces or specimens. The microscope allows for detailed work such as microsurgery, watch making and circuit board manufacturing.When Robert Hooke published his book Micrographia in 1665 it became a best seller. Hooke had made one of the first microscopes. With it, he observed many types of living things andmade accurate drawings of what he saw, as his detailed picture of the flea shows (Figure 1.4). Hookes virtually famous achievement, as far as science was concerned, was his diagram of very thin slices of bobber (Figure 1.5). He was surprised to see that, under the microscope, the cork looked like a p iece of honeycomb. He described the holes and their boundaries in the honeycomb as cells because they reminded him of the rooms in a monastery. Hooke had discovered plant cells.Although some called Micrographia the most ingenious book ever, others ridiculed Hooke for spending so much time and money on trifling pursuits. Thankfully for us, and for the whole science of microbiology, which developed from this find of cells, Hooke ignored the taunts and kept experimenting with microscopes. It was because of Hookes important contribution to microbiology that other scientists went on to develop a further understanding of cells.Cell theory describes the main ideas somewhat the importance of cells and their role in living things. It was first proposed in 1839 by two German biologists, Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden. In 1858, Rudolf Virchow concluded the final part of the classic cell theory. The combined cell theory included the following three principles all organisms are compose d of one or more cellscells are the basic unit of life and structurenew cells are created from existing cells.Any living thing that has more than one cell is referred to as multicellular, but there are many living things, such as bacteria, that consist of only one cell These are called single-celled or unicellular organisms. Micro-organisms are often referred to as microbes. You probably know people who wear glasses to help them read. The glass or plastic lenses magnify the surface of the text. In the same way, microscopes magnify the size of the object placed under them. The first microscopes were very basic. However, over time their magnifying ability has improved. Scientists can now look at images that have been magnified thousands of times using various systems of lenses. This makes it possible to study the structure of cells. The stereomicroscope is used for viewing larger objects, such as insects (Figure 1.15). It can magnify up to 200 times and shows a three-dimensional view ofsmall things. The compound light microscope (Figure 1.16) is used to observe thin slices of specimens, such as blood cells. It can magnify up to 1500 times. Its view is flatthat is, two dimensional.The specimen must be thin enough to allow light to pass through it. The stereomicroscope has two eyepieces to look through, whereas the compound light microscope can have one or two eyepieces. The word monocular is used to describe a microscope with one eyepiece (mono = one). Microscopes with two lenses are called binocular (bi = two). The compound light microscope uses the effect of two lenses (one in the eyepieces and one further down the column called the objective lens) combined with light to give a greater magnification. It can be used to observe much smaller things than those seen under a stereomicroscope. To look at cells clearly through a compound light microscope, very thin layers of a sample must be used. The light has to be able to get through or all you will see is a dark s hadowa bit like a leadlight window. Most cells are clear in colour, so a stain, like iodine, is used to help make them more visible by providing contrast.Although light microscopes, like the compound light microscope and stereomicroscope, had served scientists well for more than 300 years, the explosion of new technology in the 20th century led to the invention of more complex microscopes, such as electron microscopes. An electron microscope uses electrons (tiny negatively charged particles) to create images. The first electron microscope, the transmission electron microscope (TEM), was invented in 1933 to help study the structure of metals. The scanning electron microscope (SEM), developed later, uses a beam of electrons to scan across a specimen and to recreate the image, showing expound of its surface.Electron microscopes can magnify up to a million times Using this technology, many more details of the cell that were formerly invisible to scientists are now beginning to be under stood. The development of the synchrotron is one of the biggest changes to microscopes. Synchrotrons are microscopes that are about the size of a football game field and cost a fortune to build. The synchrotron provides even more magnification than an electron microscope and can see down to the level of the molecules (particles) that make up substances. There are currently forty-three synchrotrons across the world. Australias synchrotron opened in 2007 and is located near Monash University, in Melbourne. There are many beneficial applications ofsynchrotron science. For example, researchers can use the synchrotron to invent ways to tackle diseases, make plants more productive and metals more resilient.

Mouse Trap: Woodstream Corporation

Mouse Trap Woodstream Corporation The company that has been chosen for this case study is Woodstream Corporation. This company was founded in 1832 and was formerly kn hold as Animal Trap accompany of America. It manufactures and markets a variety of pest control products including rodent control, caring control for pets and different types of mouse muddles. It has been round for more(prenominal) than 150 years and marketed over 2500 unique products. Woodstream works to bring innovation to consumers by combination category leading products with technology and it services to solve the business needs of the retailer.The business strategy of Woodstream Corporation, in its own words is Our go to market strategies argon structured to help you optimize inventory levels, maximise sales and grow positiveness (1). The company is striving to give its retailers the maximum sell through forward-looking products and grow profitably. The president of the company, Harry Whaley, came up wit h a radical and innovative credit card mouse bound also known as operate mouse confine, which is more effective and easy to use than the conventional wood mouse narrow.However, sales engagent increased and in this case study we are going to look at the selling strategy used for two different mouse traps and how it affects the purchaser decision process. In order to radiation diagram a customer-driven marketing strategy, a company must starting understand the marketplace as well as the customers needs and wants. Seeing a mouse inside the house triggers an individual the need to look for a solution to take negociate of the problem. That individual is now going to look for a solution that they want in order to see their need.In this case they probably want to get rid of the mouse permanently. In the market place thither are two mouse traps available for them with Woodstream Corporation. The traditional wooden mouse trap and the innovative plastic mouse trap which are made by the same company. The traditional wooden mouse trap is known to work fifty share of the time and it costs 15 cents for a pack of two. The new plastic mouse trap on the opposite hand is known to be forty percent more effective than the traditional wooden trap but costs a little more with the price of 25 cents per mouse trap.Despite the great effectiveness of the new innovative plastic mouse traps, tidy sum still tend to buy more of the wooden traps. It could be because the customer-perceived value of the traditional wooden trap is very high that people still choose to buy the old snap trap. It could also be that the companys president Harry Whaley was too, focused on innovation and maximizing sales and profitability when creating the new mouse trap that he lost sight of the underlying customer need and value. This is when marketing myopia induces into play.The traditional wooden mouse trap is cheap, good quality and effective in get rid of the mouse problem permanently. The way it works is the snap bar comes down violently on the head or neck of a mouse killing them instantly. The problem is being solved dear then and there because the mouse died. The old traditional wooden trap satisfies the customer need by doing the entire job on its own. The new and innovative plastic mouse trap on the former(a) hand does not complete the job entirely. It is effective in capturing the mouse in fact it is more effective than the traditional wooden trap however, it only captures the mouse.It doesnt get rid of the mouse by killing it. Now the consumers are left in a serious dilemma with a live mouse in their trap. Most of them do not want to kill the mouse on their own and they also dont want to release it near their homes because they are afraid that it will come straight back into the home. In this case the customers are left with a product that solved half of their problem and dont know what to do afterward. They are not willing to pay a higher price for a prod uct like that despite its effectiveness and innovation.They are more willing to pay less for a traditional wooden mouse trap that satisfies their needs to its entirety. Woodstream might yield failed to understand what the customers really want when building this new mouse trap. The company also does not have a well constructed marketing program that promotes the new plastic mousetrap. The more innovative product design does have a little advantage over the old one however the pricing doesnt create a real value for the customers. The distribution channel is great because it is being distributed from the same company.Promotion on the other hand needs a lot of improvement. The old traditional mouse trap has been nigh for many years. A great deal of promotion and advertising was done for this product. The wooden mouse trap also gained a lot of exposure through cartoon television shows for kids like Tom and Jerry, and other media advertising. The new plastic mouse trap on the other han d has not been promoted well in todays media. Not a lot of consumers know about it and for those who havent had a mouse problem in the past, the new plastic mousetrap is nonexistent to them. They are unaware of the new and innovated mouse trap.

Demand, Supply and Market Equilibrium

Demand, grant and Market Equilibrium Every grocery has a lead side and a picture side and whither these two forces ar in reachiser it is said that the marts be at equilibrium. The Demand Schedule The Demand side can be be by police force of downward sloping implore bend dexter. When the expense of commodity is raised (ad former(a) things held constant), buyers scat to buy less of the commodity. Similarly when the price is depressed, other things being constant, metre demanded make ups. The above figure shows sum of money demanded at different prices.Here we can observe that the quantity demanded increases as the price decreases and vice versa keeping other things constant. This happens basically due to factors namely Income effect and substitution effect. Demands for any quantity is determined by trinity factors namely want for the commodity, will to buy the alike and ability to buy the same. A whole grade of factors determines how much would be the quantity woul d be demanded at a given price i. e. the other factors that ar mentioned above 1. Average income of the consumer 2. Size of the market . Prices and availability of related goods 4. Tastes and preferences of the consumer 5. Special influences Shift in demand trim down Vs Movement along Demand Curve or swap in Demand Vs Change in measuring stick Demanded A change in demand occurs when one of the elements underlying the demand curve slip-ups. For example if a person likes Pizzas and his income increases. So as his income increases he will demand more of pizzas withal if the prices of pizzas do not change. In other words, higher income level has resulted in higher demand for pizzas i. e. here ar a shift n the demand curve or change in demand. over again if the price of pizzas fall and other things viz. income of the consumer anticipates same. Again in that respect would rise in quantity demanded. This increase in quantity demanded is due to decrease in price. This change repre sents movement along demand curve or change in quantity demanded. Further this can be explained by the chase graph. Here we can observe that with increase in income level the consumer shifted to serial 2 and with decrease in price of the commodity he would move along the same demand curve in series one.The Supply Schedule Supply schedule shows the amount of a commodity that the handleer would like to passing play for sell at various prices. Supply curves are drawn on assumption of constant technology, and infix or resources (labour, land and capital) prices. The above curves shows amount of commodity that a supplier would like to sell at various prices. For example at a price of Re. 1 he does not wish to sell any quantity and at a price of Rs. 5 he would like to sell 18 units of the commodity. There are various factors effecting summate curve they are stated as follows 1. Technology . stimulant drug Prices 3. Prices of related goods 4. Government Policy 5. Special influences Shifts of Curves Vs Movement along the curves As is the case with the demand curve, supply curves in any case follow the same principal. Change in any of the above mentioned factors would cause a shift in curves and any change occurs due to change in price it is called movement along the curve. The same is shown down the stairs Equilibrium of Supply and Demand The market equilibrium comes at that price and quantity where the forces of supply and demand are in balance. At the equilibrium price amount that the uyer wants to buy is just equal to the amount that seller wants to sell. The reason we call this equilibrium is that when the forces of supply and demand are in balance, there is no reason for price to rise or fall, as long as other things remain unchanged. In economics equilibrium means that the different forces operating on a market are in balance, so the resulting price and quantity reconcile the desires of purchases and suppliers. Equilibrium can be shown and explained by the below mentioned graphical representation. The above graph shows at a price of Rs. 0, quantity demanded and supplied is 19 units. Any increase (or decrease) in price would result in fall (or rise) in demand, keeping the other things constant. Further the kindred between demand curve and supply curve are discussed as below Demand and Supply Shifts Effect on Price & beat If Demand rises Demand curve shifts to the right Price , Quantity If Demand falls Demand curve shifts to the left Price , Quantity If Supply rises Supply curve shifts to the right Price , Quantity If Supply falls Supply curve shifts to the left Price , Quantity When there is excess demand or excess supply, the market by determining the equilibrium price and quantities, allocates or rations out the scares goods among the possible uses. The market place through its interaction of supply and demand does the limit. This is rationing by the purse. When cell phones was launched in India cost of both handsets and cal l rates were high, infact even incoming calls were supercharged exuberantly. Then came Reliance with its dream of handing cell phones to each Indians.They came out with the concept of no charges for incoming calls and also came out with lower call rates as compared to the existing players it created an instant demand for its connections and hence captured major products and as a result all the existing players had to lower their tariffs matching to that of Reliance. Again the handsets were costly except Nokia came into the market with wide range of handsets and was instant hit. It captured the market initially. Recently we see Samsung coming out with lower ranged handsets with all the applications and features combined in its handsets at a lower price and creating a demand for its products.There are about exception to the theory of price and demand. There are few players in this industry which are exceptions viz. Blackberry and Apples i-phones. I-phones acts as an exception beca use of its features and the status and brand value it commands in the market. While Blackberry has a feature called BBM and its image as business phones due to which it acts an exception to the law of demand as irrespective of its price business class still demands it. We can say that the market works on the demand and supply structure but still there are some exceptions to these rules also as discussed above.

Application of social learning theory in psychology research Essay

Explaining nub practice session among Puerto Ri sack up adolescents a partial test of favorable breeding surmise is an article by Holly Ventura Miller, Wesley G. Jennings, Lorna L. Alverez-Rivera and J. Mitchell Miller. The article is a 2008 familiaration in the diary of Drug bits Volume 38, issue be 1. In this muse, Miller et al (2008) seek to use social learn scheme to understand fondness use among Puerto Rican adolescents as part of the larger Hispanic group.The importance of social learning is assessed through determination out the effect of differences in an individuals interpretation of substance use as compared to the description that peers have. This hire is based on the view that most adolescents who have friends who are in substance affront also become substance outcryrs. Perceptions about drug abuse also seem to be alike(p) with those held by the peers. friendly interactions of the youths therefore seem to play a big role in intentional behavior and perceptions.Miller et al (2008) have reviewed considerable literature on social learning scheme more so the aspect of differential association in acquisition of socially unacceptable behavior. A cross-cultural application of social learning theory forms the center of this study where a group (288 youths) of Puerto Rican adolescents is elect as the study model. This study specifically focuses on how peer and personal perception of substance use influence inebriant, cigarette and marijuana use. The bailiwick-type of study was carried among take aim going youths aged 14-19 years in San Juan, Puerto Rico.The subjects were selected from public and cloak-and-dagger schools with the sample size from public schools being considerably higher compared to that from private schools (69% versus 31%). The survey was conducted development questionnaires where several variables were assessed. Questionnaires administered in public schools were written in English whereas those issued in publi c schools were in Hispanic. The study excluded subjects who did not report being Hispanic since ethnicity was a very crucial variable. The adolescents were assessed of their behaviors as regards to alcohol abuse, cigarette smoking and marijuana use.Predictor variables were social learning (definitions on substance abuse) and sex. The control variables in this study were age and belonging to single-parent family. After statistical analyses (logistic regression analyses), it was found out that youths in private schools had a greater lifetime substance use and reported peer influence in the use of the three substances. In addition, males were likely to be involved in use of the three substances under study as opposed to females in both types of schools.In private schools, a significant difference in substance use was noted to exist between males and females. It is also notable that cigarette use among females in public schools was influenced by their views of smoking cigarettes as a fa vorable behavior. This was also the case with private school males. Personal definitions were also found to play a big role in alcohol consumption. marijuana use was mainly due to the influence of peers definition as opposed to personal definition.Miller et al (2008) therefore concluded that if personal definitions of substance use are favorable, the likelihood of substance abuse is high. comrade definitions are also significantly important determinants of substance abuse as evidenced by marijuana use among Puerto Rican adolescents. Sex is also a determinant factor in influencing substance use. Article 2 The article social learning, ego control, and substance abuse by eight grade students at news report of ii cities by L. Thomas Winfree Jr. and Frances P. Bernat is a 1998 publication in the Journal of Drug Issue volume 28, issue number 2.In this study, Winfree and Bernat (1998) examine the effectiveness of the social cognitive theory and self control theory in predicting leve l of substance abuse among a group of eight graders in a large versus a small city. Among the substances the substances that the eight grade students are assessed of include alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana among others. This sample is selected from Phoenix, Arizona and Las Cruces, N. M. the cities are choice for this study due to differences in types of crimes thus the authors of this study challenge that the two theories cannot be used to predict substance abuse among the two groups of youths.Winfree and Bernat (2008) argue that the social learning theory is viewed as being able to predict how people develop delinquent behaviors, as well as the purlieu that is likely to predispose one to delinquent behaviors. As such, it is viewed that substance abuse by youths can be predicted by the social learning theory as long as the social environs of the youth is well understood. On the other hand, Winfree and Bernat (1998) argue that the self control theory indicates that the level of self control determines human behavior especially in consideration of factors such as self interest group and tendency to seek pleasure and not pain.In their study, Winfree and Bernet (1998) carried out a wide cross-sectional study in 11 localities including Phoenix and Las Cruces. The subjects who participated in this study gave an informed consent through either parents or guardians. Data was collected through the use of questionnaires and the surveyors helped the students in understanding the questions thus improving accuracy of information collected. Dependent variables in this study were use of different substances within the past one year. Social learning independent variables included neutralization, guilt, positive reinforcement and negative pushers.Self control independent variables included enate monitoring, impulsivity and risk- taking. After performing regression analyses, it was evident that there was a low level of substance abuse among Phoenix students who said tha t they would feel very guilty if their engaged in substance abuse. Higher levels of substance abuse in Phoenix sample was identified among students who agreed greatly to neutralizing statements about negativity of crime. In terms of self control, there was higher substance use among students who reported higher risk taking tendencies.However, parental control and impulsivity did not provide enough data for evaluation. In Las Cruces, it was observed that youths who had seen gangsters and viewed gangsters as having break away lifestyles were likely to abuse substances. The same happened with neutralization of negativity of crime. Guilt was not a big determinant of substance abuse in Las Cruces. Conclusively, Winfree and Bernet argue that social learning theory and self control theory can be used to evaluate delinquency in adolescents. From the above two articles, social learning theory emerges as an important tool for predicting substance abuse.Counselors stand to benefit from the un derstanding of the application of social learning theory in this context since they can be able to associate a true substance abuse problem to the social influences of the client. By identifying the source of the substance abuse problem using the social learning theory, the counseling is able to provide a way out of the delinquency or substance use. This would include subjecting favorable social environment and statements such that the substance abuse behavior is interpreted as a negative rather than a positive thing. It would also be helpful for the counselor to suggest a geographical relocation (e. g. school transfer) as an important way of creating the best environment (drug/crime-free environment) for adolescents.References Miller, H. V. , Jennings, W. G. , Alverez-Rivera, L. L. and Miller, J. M. (2008). Explaining substance use among Puerto Rican adolescents a partial test of social learning theory. Journal of Drug Issues 38(1) 261+. Web. 15, July 2010. Questia. com. Winfree , L. T. and Bernat, F. T. (1998). Social learning, self control, and substance abuse by eight grade students at tale of two cities. Journal of Drug Issue, 28(2) 539+. Web. 15, July 2010. Questia. com.