Nursing: Promising Pathways

I once heard it said that vocation should be the place where your greatest talents meet the world’s greatest needs.   For me the intersection between those two things lies in nursing.   Without question nursing has become one of our country’s greatest needs, as the deficit for certified nurses rises and more and more people in our nation’s hospitals are cared for by unqualified nurses.  Ã‚   Likewise, I believe that my greatest talents lie in this field and that my skill set will help me to provide the highest standard of care at a time when patients need it the most. Nursing is not the glamorized profession that one often sees on popular television shows.   It is not about looking pretty in a white uniform.   From my experience, being a nurse is actually the opposite of all that.   It entails working long hours and doing a lot of hard work. These are all part of why I chose to be a nurse. All the hard work and the fatigue pay off in the end when one has been able to save lives and make patients feel more comfortable during their times of need. In addition to the need that I will be fulfilling in my nursing career, I believe that it will be a rewarding job, as I will have the opportunity to help and to care for many people.   I have a passion for working closely with patients, regardless of their background or beliefs, and I believe that nursing is not merely a way to make a living, but a means of giving back to society. Not only will nursing be a rewarding and meaningful career for me, but my specific skill set gives me a great deal to offer my patients and my colleagues.   I am competent in Professional Health Care Management with the ability to provide and promote the highest standards in the rapidly changing and ever demanding Healthcare sector, driven by a vast global economy and vibrant technological innovation. I am attentive to detail, highly organized with strong analytical and decision-making skills. I have excellent communication and interpersonal skills, allowing me to provide care, compassion, and emotional support for irritable, stressed and ill patients.   I am highly knowledgeable in current and pertinent issues within and without the Healthcare sector.   I am able to work under pressure for long hours and to do a considerable amount of lifting such as moving patients, assisting with toileting needs and responding to emergencies.   I have a polished professional demeanor, which enables me to develop and maintain relationships with professionals in the healthcare sector. Furthermore, I have excellent conversational skills in three international languages; English, Spanish and Italian. I believe that my prior experience and my education will also help me to contribute significantly to this field.   I received a Pre-Med and Trustee scholarship to attend Suffolk University in Boston, where I major in Radiation Biology.   I have also become certified as a Phlebotomy technician, EKG technician and a Medical Clinic assistant.   Furthermore, I am pursuing a nursing assistant course as a State Certified Nursing Assistant (CNA) at the American Red Cross in Peabody, MA where I am learning procedures such as psychosocial care, restorative care, resident personal care, resident rights, communication, general safety procedure and infection control. In addition to my training, I have also held several positions in the medical field that have both increased my knowledge and proved to me that nursing is indeed the field that I want to dedicate myself to.   Since 2006 I have worked as a Radiation Therapist Intern at the Massachusetts General Hospital/ Brigham and Women Hospital / DFCI Boston. My responsibilities include accurate positioning of patients for treatment, operation of advanced medical equipment, quality assurance and providing competent patient care. I am also in charge of assisting the oncologist and the physician with treatment plans during delicate procedures.   From 2005 to 2006, I worked as a Medical Assistant at Alexyenko Medical Associates Lynn, MA. My duty was to assist in phlebotomy and EKG procedures. These are delicate procedures that demand the maintenance of high standards, both of which I believe I showed great aptitude for. I aim to work for an organization where personal growth is encouraged, human values are nurtured and talents are utilized in the attainment of organizational goals. I would like to be able to apply what I have been learning so far by taking a hands-on and direct approach.   I would like to attain a Masters Degree in order to gain the knowledge and experience to better prepare myself for medical school.   By earning my degree, I am being both practical and responsive to the needs of the time.   It is practical because I have chosen a career that will allow me to utilize my talents and experience, and responsive because there is an overwhelming need for qualified nurses. I believe that I have had an abundance of valuable experiences and talents to offer the healthcare field.   My prior positions have taught me both technical and soft skills. Technical competence is a core requisite of being successful in any profession. And yet more than this, my exposure in these institutions has taught me fortitude, patience, love of authentic service, and a strong spirit of volunteerism. My desire to be of real service to others has compelled me to move ahead and take advanced studies in this field.   It is with great joy and excitement that I join the place where my talents meet one of our country’s critical needs.   

Effects of Poverty on Children

Name: Shem Blake Course: Child-Adolescent Development Lecturer: Mrs. Kennedy Date: February 19, 2013 Discuss how poverty affects the psychosocial, cognitive, moral and physical development of the adolescent The term poverty is usually used to simply refer to a lack of money, but living in a state of financial instability is both physically and emotionally damaging.While an adolescent who grows up in a middle class suburb is taught that he or she can go to college, marry, have a rewarding career, and make a meaningful contribution to the world at large, a child born into poverty must struggle to simply make it to adulthood. The long term effects of poverty are why this is a social issue that deserves public attention. Poverty is one of the most devastating preventable phenomena working against the healthy development of an adolescent whom are at a very crucial stage in their growth and development.During this developmental process they are going through, adolescents need an enhancing and stimulating environment to support their growth but if these adolescents are situated in poverty stricken environment their growth will be affected because through poverty they are deprived from needs and wants which is essential in their development and this alters their process of development as the effects of poverty may wrap, twist or arrest the process as the adolescents undergo psychosocial, cognitive, moral and physical development.Therefore, its far-reaching effect can be devastating to the development of adolescents. Poverty has a major negative impact on adolescent’s psychosocial development. According to studies by V. C. McLoyd, â€Å"persistent exposure to poverty has a directly negative effect on a child’s health†. The more obvious explanation for the reasoning of this are that lifestyle and living conditions for those who live in poverty affect a child negatively. Environmental deprivation is usually what we consider when we think about poverty , but it is not the only factor.Stressors such as unsafe or life-threatening living conditions and violence play a part. Among these is deprivation of other essential necessities that are needed, such as food, medicine and a safe home. Deprivation of any of these things, especially in infancy or early childhood has a marked effect on psychosocial development. As McLoyd points out, children who live in poverty are exposed to more extreme living situations than those who are not living under similar circumstances.These conditions may have a more pronounced effect or influence on them. During adolescent there is a large degree of psychological growth as children make adjustments in their personality due to the rapid development. They face ongoing conflict and difficulty adapting to the sudden upsurge of sexual and aggressive drive. These changes cause unrest and confusion in the adolescents’ inner selves and the way they perceive the world. During this maturation they establish their own beliefs, values and what they want to accomplish out of life.At this stage their also separating emotionally from parents while still being reliant on them but as they have to struggle with the challenges of poverty, instead of having a healthy psychosocial development they are at greater risk of behavioral and emotional problems  because they do not think of things the way they should instead they get a perverted mind especially against persons who are living in a better condition from them causing them to not think normally.Some behavioral problems may include impulsiveness, difficulty getting along with peers, aggression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and conduct disorder because they are in an environment which places a lot of limitations on them. Also, because of their poor status often times they are living in unsafe neighborhoods which exposes children to violence which can cause a number of psychosocial difficulties. Violence exposure can also p redict future violent behavior in youth which places them at greater risk of injury and mortality and entry into the juvenile justice system.There are different forms of poverty. When a child has been born into poverty, then poverty is seen as a fact of life which may or may not be something that can be changed. Hard work for survival is an expectation of life. The â€Å"rules† that apply differently to people who live in poverty are understood but adherence to the rules can be â€Å"conditional† when survival or basic needs are not being met. Hence, at this stage, where they are transitioning from concrete operational thinking to formal logical abstract) thinking including development in reasoning and judgment. So even though their thinking becomes multidimensional and they are better to contemplate situations their decision making remains susceptible to emotions due to their social environment restricts cognitive stimulation resulting in a lower motivation to learn b ecause the adolescents mind is always somewhere else, they have a short attention span because their mind is always thinking about food, and cognitive developmental delays because of poor nutrition.However, according to the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the brain of a teenager continues to develop all the way into adulthood. The amygdala, the section of the brain that controls instincts, develops first. The frontal cortex, which is responsible for reasoning and determines how we act, develops later and continues to develop into adulthood. Because of this, a teenager is guided less by the frontal cortex and may not have a full understanding of moral behavior.So while the development of the cognitive skills is being delayed because of poor nutrition, the development of the moral skills are more severely delayed because they take a longer time to develop because the poverty stricken environment does not stimulates and enriches the development of this growth becau se their judgment are not mainly on what’s right or wrong but, what’s right or wrong for their survival. In their environment they are exposed to the temptations of drug, alcohol and sex from an early point in life but because this has been a norm in their upbringing they fall to the same temptations.Everyone knows that it is troubling having to deal with poverty, moreover, it is more troubling for adolescents because they are already going through challenges of their own adapting to a new mind and body, plus dealing with their life situations may bring them to a breaking point. Often times, their moral development is not based on what is right or wrong but the right or wrong ways of getting what they need or want, resulting in situations like gang violence, teenage prostitution and stealing causing deaths and even sexually transmitted diseases.Their moral development is affected because they still think in an abstract way and can be more impulsive than an adult. At th is stage their impulsiveness can prevent them from making decisions based on moral responsibility and they will believe no consequences will emerge from their actions. Not only does a poor nutrition and other social factors affects the adolescent in their psychsocial, moral and cognitive development but its most visible impact is on the physical development of the adolescent.Through this time they are going through a rapid change of the body but their development is slowed down because their body lacks the right nutrients that enhance their growth. They do not eat right and are ignorant to the concept of living a healthy lifestyle so in their development, if they are not underweight; they are overweight because their diet consists of a lot of carbohydrate, a small amount of protein and a deficit in other nutrients. Soobader and Leclere (2000) has also examined the impact of poverty on the physical health status of the adolescents.According to these authors, poverty can impact the ab ility of the family to receive and maintain health insurance. This specific issue can impact the overall health of the adolescence because health care is expensive and if the adolescent is fallen ill, if the ailment is not considered serious, then they will have to stay home and use home remedies only going to the doctor if it gets life threating and this is a very serious issue because the ailment could already be causing internal damage.In low-income families, acquiring proper medical care remains a pervasive issue that has clear ramifications for the health outcomes of the child. Although Soobader and Leclere do argue that the issues facing adolescence is quite complex overall, the inability to access proper healthcare and insurance has a notable impact on the outcomes for adolescence living in poverty. â€Å"The probability of a child being uninsured was associated with higher levels of income inequality at the county level and higher levels of poverty at the neighborhood level .Therefore, the deteriorating physical environment and the lack of social services compounds individual disadvantage† (p. 230). When poverty is a lifelong proposition for adolescents, it does not mean that an adolescence will develop into a lesser form of a human being when they reach adulthood. In fact, honor, values, beliefs, community structure can produce well form individuals under conditions most of us would consider horrific. But the lack of food, medical care, and other horrific social conditions may cause lifelong psychosocial, cognitive, moral and physical impairments for the adolescents.Without a solid community or family structure, the overall lack of basic subsistence will cause preventable and inexcusable deaths that can give an adolescent a warped view of the value of life. Referencing Books. Mueller, M. , & Patton, M. (1995). Working with poor families, lessons learned from practice. Marriage andFamily Review, 21 (1/2), 65-90. Center for Adolescent Health and L aw (1999, December). Adolescents in public health insurance programs, Chase-Lansdale, P. L. , and Brooks-Gunn, J. , eds. Escape from poverty: What makes a difference for children? New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995

Map the Supply Chain Paper Essay

Introduction Prior to developing a supply chain map, it is important to identify and understand the nature of the plan, the importance of mapping, and the role the map plays in the strategy. The supply chain represents all companies that are in contact with a particular product. The supply chain is a network, which outlines the steps it takes to get a good or service from production to the final customer. The map links strategic processes of a firm to facilitate the evaluation of supply chain structure. In short, the supply chain categorizes the responsibilities of the manufacturer, distributor, dealer so duties avoid overlapping or duplication. The goal of a supply chain is to become more effective and efficient, which gives a competitive advantage over other competing supply chains. The following will map the supply chain of Pepsi-Cola beverage. The map will illustrate the process of manufacturing the product and continue until the retailer passes the product to the consumer. In the preceding supply chain map, the manufacture and distributor are both part of PepsiCo. The retailer makes up all grocery stores, convenience stores, and mass merchandise stores. Manufacturer Pepsi-Cola beverage is a favorable soft drink beverage that drinkers have become accustomed to its unique flavor. In order to ensure product consistency, around the world, manufacturing must follow strict guidelines. These guidelines include the quality of raw materials, ensure packaging meets company standards, finished product quality meets specifications, and ingredients are similar. To provide consistency in product quality is crucial to outline the supply chain tasks for the manufacturer. The functions of the manufacturer are specific to product quality, packaging, and shipping a high quality finished product to the operations facilities. Following the supply chain map in manufacturing outlines the duties of  manufacturing that ensure the product formula is identical regardless of which manufacturer produces the product. sources raw materials, such as sugar and aluminum for cans designs the packaging and graphics determines the proper ingredients and quantities regularly calibrates and calculates the formula throughout production produces the product and ensures quality introduces new products based on customer demands ships product to sales operations Distributor The next step in the supply chain map is the distributor. Once the distributor receives the product from the manufacturer, they allocate the quantities based on retailer needs. The distributor uses their relationship to secure product displays, write product orders, extend short-term credit to the retailer, and delivers product to the retailer. Pepsi-Cola distributors also supply manpower to ensure the product makes it to the shelf is maintained daily. The product chain tasks break down the required steps a distributor is responsible for. These tasks provide efficiencies and are assigned to make sure there is zero overlapping between the manufacturer and distributor. receives shipment from the manufacturer establishes relationships with retailers extends credit to retailers breaks down orders for direct store delivery (DSD) sale, deliver, and service product at retail location. Retailer The retailer allocates a specified amount of space for Pepsi Cola. The distributor is responsible for ordering, filling, and maintaining this space. The retailer determines products placed in advertisements, based on the distributor’s product allowances given to the retailer. The retailer also employs customer service representatives to support customer needs and provide them with the needed services to make the exchange of products for cash value. This completed process finalizes the transfer of the product to the consumer. provides shelf and display space for Pepsi Products advertises to drive consumers to the store determines product selection based on distributor’s allowances employs customer service representatives to assist the consumer processes the transaction transfers possession to the consumer In the supply chain of Pepsi-Cola beverage each company has a particular role. These functions are essential to the success of providing the product to the final consumer. A successful supply chain map designates specific tasks that each company is responsible. These tasks are specific and are meant to ensure the product makes it to their business in the most efficient and effective manner. Depending on how detailed and well thought out a supply chain map is, determines whether the plan can improve the efficiency of getting the product through each company channel. Many companies strive for an optimized supply chain because it can lead to lower costs for the enterprise. Other purposes of an optimized supply chain are to eliminate issues when product flows between businesses and to create a standard throughout the global market.

Chose a good topic for me Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Chose a good topic for me - Essay Example Learning and horning effectual business writing skills can potentially have an immensely positive impact on my career advancement. Effective communication channels are a vital component in the successful running of any business organization. The use of professionally written writing material that is sent through these communication channels has been seen to improve an organization’s productivity as well as increase the ability of all the organization’s key functional areas to work together. This is especially so with the impact of globalization that has resulted in increasing global workplaces where collaboration is the usual norm (Small business Para 1). The development of professional courtesy is one of the benefits of enhancing my business writing skills. In this age of constant text messaging, formal writing is being severely affected and most leading companies have been seen to assume that poor writing skills is actually a sign of laziness. If a business document comes across to the recipient as being too abrupt, it can commonly be misconstrued as a sign of the recipient being not important enough for the sender to take the time out to carefully check the document’s spelling and grammar as well as write complete sentences. Conversely, if an email message is carefully written, it becomes more impressive than a letter because of its added advantage of rapid transmission. The email’s recipient assumes that the sender considers him to be important enough for him to ensure that the message arrived quickly(Small business Para 4). Good business writing skills help in actively persuading customers to buy a company’s products or services. This is an essential skill that is especially vital in the field of sales and marketing and may help a company in increasing its sales turnover figures (Small business Para 2). Business associates and supervisors who have

Ethical behavior and unethical behavior articles Assignment

Ethical behavior and unethical behavior articles - Assignment Example The Queen insists that she wasn’t placing publicly funded payment within the charity. She said that fund â€Å"would only include her private money.† She further claimed that the lone costs that were covered by the payment were housekeeping costs, together with salaries. Belgium wants to cut the annual stipend of Queen Fabiola after political leaders learned she had put up a private charity to provide for her nephews and nieces and for her preferred Catholic foundations after her demise. Premier Elio Di Rupo had told MPs he sought to cut the sum to â‚ ¬923,000 ( £776,000) back from â‚ ¬1.4 million ( £1.18m). As the only widow of the late King Baudouin – a dedicated Catholic who in 1990 did step aside provisionally to steer clear of signing the nations abortion bill – insists the cash came from assets inherited from her Hispanic family. The 84-year-old at the moment maintains that she has had to dissolve the charitable vehicle set up in September that let her to forward monies. The surfacing of the plan not many weeks ago aggravated rare fury in both political and media circles in Belgium and has hit the realm to its foundations. The Property Principle and The Citizenship Principle were not respected by the monarch in her dealings with the state. The Dignity Principle had been violated and Labour apologises for it. The Labour Party has had to apologise after one of its own most superior politicians was heard describing Belgium and Denmark as the "second-tier" nations. Delineating the partys defence strategy re-evaluation, ex-Security Minister Lord West claimed the UK reserved a "certain clout". And he further argued that too much relegation of military capability could make it further like "bloody Denmark or Belgium"...that is Irrespective of any period of war decorations awarded to their populace (the Nepalese did get a fair few, also), fatalities or their inexplicably considerable donations to UN and NATO

TLMT312 WEEK 6 FORUM Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

TLMT312 WEEK 6 FORUM - Assignment Example Reliability based trust is a necessity in cooperative partnerships. However, reliability based trust is not a satisfactory state. A perfect example is in relation to a partner that often portends to discipline and constantly adheres to his or her word is undeniably reliable. However, the same cannot be said of his or her character. On the other hand, character based trust is founded on the philosophy, leadership and culture of an organization (Bowersox, Closs, & Cooper, 2007). In essence, it originated from the awareness that partners in a supply chain are concerned about their individual welfare. Character based trust is important in collaborative relationships because no partner is able to perform any action without due consideration on the emergent impacts on other partners (Bowersox, Closs, & Cooper, 2007). Furthermore, the gradual development of character based trust translates to minimal vulnerability from actions among partners. When trust is inculcated among partners they are able to safeguard the interests of all partners. Character based trust developed when the partners have an awareness that all their actions are equitable and fair among all

Court analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Court analysis - Essay Example language of the court, are provided interpreters by the Courts who interpret the language of the accused and the defendant in order to come to the bottom of the case. The judge relies heavily on the language used by the interpreter in order to write down his judgment and provide his theory of justice with respect to the pertaining case. One of the major shortcomings of this process off later has been privatization. In the current context the process of interpreting the dialogue of an accused or a witness inside the Court has bee privatized in most of the countries as of today, including England. And there have been some negative results of this trade, as the courts are not satisfied that the kind of work these private agencies are doing is upto the minimum standard of the Courts. It has also been alleged that those who all are working as interpreters in the Court of England have been handled very badly and have not been treated well enough by the agency, which hired them. One of the other trends, which have been significant off late in the field of interpretation services in Courts, is the fact that the art of Court interpretation has been heavily institutionalized by the private sector. The private sector has been playing the dominant role in making this process completely seamless in the way it functions. The future management issues pertaining to interpretation of language in Courts consists of improving the pay scale of the interpreters along with trying to include more and more people into the institution who are well qualified to take up the job of interpretation. The future requires a well-qualified stream of interpreters who are able to take up the job of interpretation in an extremely skilled and smart manner. These interpreters should have a judicial knowledge of the laws pertaining to the case and should be able to give the judge an unbiased and honest view of the case. It is imperative to have skilled interpreters who are able to take up this

Best Assessment Strategies in Secondary Schools Essay

Best Assessment Strategies in Secondary Schools - Essay Example Interactive assessment in the classroom assumes special significance at the secondary level as students need constant feedbacks for the learning activities they undertake. There should be regular assessment at the secondary level. This is rightly suggested by E.C. Wragg when he remarks: " In most of the class rooms, assessment tends to be regular and informal, rather than irregular and formal. This is because teaching often consists of frequent switches in who speaks and who listens, and teachers make many of their decisions within one second." (Wragg, 2001). The purpose of this paper is to analyse critically the best assessment strategies in secondary schools. Interactive assessment, coherent assessment systems, self assessment, peer assessment, and feedback are identified as the most effective strategies in the assessment of the learning outcomes of secondary students. The teaching-learning process is highly interactive and assessment during each stage of the interaction is an essential prerequisite for effective learning process. ... One of the major advantages of the interactive assessment is that it creates a strong conviction in the minds of the learners that they are an active part of the instructional process and that their views and thoughts are being taken into account. This can provide them with better confidence to take part more enthusiastically in the teaching learning process. A remarkable study conducted by Eichorn, D. & Woodrow, J. (1999) "indicate that the use of interactive assessment promotes student self-monitoring, goal setting, time management, responsibility and mastery learning. Teachers report that the use of interactive assessment facilitates and supports student-centred, instructional practices." (Eichorn & Woodrow, 1999, P.193-199). Celina Byers (2001) also believes that the teacher has to measure and evaluate whether all the instructional objectives have been achieved and how far learning has taken place is to be assessed. She is of the opinion that there should be a learner centred act ive assessment in the classroom itself :- "Making the measurement an integral part of class activity allows the identification of problems and consequent improvements even while the course is ongoing. Learner-centred active assessment both provide direct objective measurement of learning and stimulate the use of holistic assessment tools to assess the entire learning environment." (Byers, 2001). For her assessment in the secondary school should never be limited to mere summative evaluation. Instead, there should be interactive assessment in the class room as "it permits important course improvements, made in conjunction with the collaboration of the students themselves, while the course is ongoing.

Reshaping Toledo The physical and symbolic transformation of the Essay

Reshaping Toledo The physical and symbolic transformation of the medieval city after the Christian conquest of 1085 - Essay Example This paper not only concentrates on the physical patterns that underwent changes during the transitional period, but also focuses on the several changes which cast their strong influences in human psyche of this place. It talks about the history of the city itself, the quintessential aspects of its transformation through the centuries, the effect of repopulation of the al-Andalusia region during the long years of the Reconquista and the people representing a large melting pot of various cultures and creeds, namely Christians, the Muslims and the Jewish minorities, who inhabited the city. The city being one of the most happening centers of physical, religious and cultural transformation has been the interest of a large number of archaeologists and historians, who tried to bring out the subtle tones of color representing the gradual change in the nature of the city, the outlook of the people and their social standing with respect to each other. This is a fact that these changes effected over a long period of time throughout the reign of Alfonso VI and continuing aftermath slowly imparted the final tones of color to the city whose traces can be linked even today. If we retrospect the entire history of medieval Spain and not just the city of Toledo, which was an integral part of the al-Andalus governed by the Islamic supremacy and the Berber regimes of Almohads and Almoravids, we would procure a tale of both oppression and tolerance throughout the entire period of change from the Islamic supremacy to Christian power. The chronicles that record this transformation also s peaks of the slow change in the lives of the people, the Christians and the Muslims along with the minorities, mostly the Jews, because reshaping of the city was also brought about by the changes in the religious and social scenario. It led to the mingling of different ritualistic practices among the Spanish population. This paper will focus on the Spanish mediaeval history when all these transformations took place giving birth to a multicultural milieu of Toledo. Reshaping Toledo is the main subject of this paper. Throughout the discussion, we shall try to examine in what sense the city was reshaped. There are different schools of thought who have said different things on whether the Muslim era in Toledo had its serious effect. This paper will also throw some light on whether the Christian era after Reconquest in the city was able to bring valuable changes to the city scenario. Regaining the power over Spanish states was a great achievement for the Christians, but our discussion wi ll try to evaluate this reign's actual influences on the physical, religious and symbolic aspects of Toledo. It might be noted that Medieval Spain went through several torments as the Christians showed up a constant fight to clinch power from the hand of Muslims. The Spanish battlefield remained a happening place throughout the medieval era and the crusade started at the point when the Muslims had their control almost all through the Western Europe. European continent was ruled by the Muslims from the beginning of the 8th century and they continued spreading until hindered by the exploits of Charles the Hammer. Defeat of the Muslim power in the Pyrenees resulted in their settlement in the

Characteristics of Business Leadership Research Paper - 1

Characteristics of Business Leadership - Research Paper Example Indeed, in the fast transforming business dynamics, they provide businesses with inimitable competitive advantage and become intrinsic part of its success. Kouzes, and Posner claim that leaders are visionary and who can inspire others (1988). The Body Shop is scintillating example of such leadership initiative which has constantly set standard for businesses across globe. Ms Anita Roddick had founded the company in 1976 and had displayed excellent leadership traits. The paper would be discussing The Body Shop and Roddick’s leadership traits that had promoted high standard of ethics and quality within the organization. Business initiative The Body Shop, started in 1976 from home by Anita Roddick, was a passionate venture that was focused on the wider welfare of women. The Body Shop cosmetics were launched with a strong entrepreneurial instinct that natural ingredients would be most beneficial for taking care of body and remain beautiful. The first shop at Brighton, UK, was open ed with only 15 products. She received tremendous response that resulted in the opening of second shop within the next 10 months. Thereafter, the popularity of cosmetics made from natural products had unprecedented success. Within a span of 25 years and under her able leadership, it was transformed into multi million project with more than 1980 outlets across 50 nations serving more than 77 million customers and generating revenue of more than $200 million. After takeover by L’Real in 2006, it now has more than 2500 products in more than 60 markets globally. It produces a wide range of body care products from natural ingredients and caters to people from all strata of society (bodyshop.com, 2012). The Body Shop is fundamentally based on the premise of social consciousness and belief that profits are not the major goals of business. The business must be proactive towards the needs of the community and environment (Porter & Kramer, 2006). All the products of Body Shop are ethic ally produced. It supports environment conservation. Natural ingredients within the products are procured from people and places who have adopted sustainable business practice. Most importantly, Roddick’s strong sense of community welfare had led her to create employment opportunities for people in under developed and developing countries like South East Asia, Africa, Brazil, Mexico etc. (Roddick, 1991). Indeed, its major suppliers of the raw products are from these countries who have evolved as a result of Roddick’s proactive support for sustainable business practices. Leadership style Anita Roddick’s leadership style was transformational and relied on motivating others towards a more conscientious and ethically delivered business goals. Burn (1978) emphasizes that transformational leadership encourages relationship building that is based on mutual respect and empowered decision making. Under such leaders, the followers are motivated to developed leadership tra its and use critical thinking for resolving conflicts. Most pertinently, the leaders also propose moral and ethical considerations that hugely benefit the business as well as the society at large. Transformational leaders promote participatory approach which facilitates shared goals and collective decision making processes. Roddick’s leadership traits have significantly contributed towards Body Shop’s success. She has not only been a successful and intuitive business person but also a social activist. She has relentlessly worked for the wider welfare of people and promoted sustainable development as integral part of business strategy. Evaluation of Roddick’s managerial leadership Roddick’s managerial leadership was highly intuitive and distinct in its personal inputs. She strongly believed in ethics and moral

( A list of choice provided) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

( A list of choice provided) - Essay Example As an organization has no control over the external environment, it becomes extremely essential for it to adapt to its external environment. Hence, the success of an organization depends very much on how well it can handle and adapt to its external environment. One of the main components of the external environment is the cultural environment, along with the social, political, economic and technological environments. The culture of a country plays a significant role in the decision-making of its people, which in turn affects their working habits and their business. According to Geert Hofstede, "culture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group from another" ("Cultural environment," p. 105). Culture has an impact on every function of business, from production to designing and marketing of products to human resources management. Hence, success in international business relations almost entirely depends on the negotiators' cultural adaptability and their ability to respect other cultures. Cultural differences among different nations make negotiations highly complicated, confusing and sometimes frustrating. Overlooking religious beliefs, values, attitudes, habits, and routines, and holding cultural preconceptions, biases and prejudices can lead to blunders in cross-cultural negotiations ("Cross-cultural negotiations," 2009). Influence of Religion on International Business Religion, which forms one of the bases of culture, and its philosophies are the main factors that influence the lifestyles, values and beliefs of the people of a country. Religion affects the working habits of the people, their attitude towards work and entrepreneurship. "Religious ethics sometimes affect the cost of doing business in a country" ("An overview," 2004, p. 7). Islam, one of the largest religions in the world, believes in social justice and is strictly against making profits through exploitation. Business should not violate principles of social justice. Hence, giving and earning interest on money is against the principles of Islam. This hinders international business, and international financial firms try to solve this problem by giving and receiving profit-shares instead of interest ("An overview," 2004, p. 7). Buddhism is a religion that is presently practiced mainly in Southeast Asia, China, Korea and Japan. This is a religion that gives utmost importance to spiritual rather than materialistic achievements. Though the religion advocates an ascetic life, Buddhism encourages entrepreneurial activity ("An overview," 2004, p. 7). However, according to Hutanuwatr and Rasbash (1998), from a Buddhist perspective, the very core of globalization process is the globalization of craving, and craving is the root cause of all suffering. As craving becomes globalized, the scale of suffering around the world becomes vastly amplified. Third-world communities that had been self-sufficient until then become consumers of capital-intensive goods and services provided by the transnational corporations, which enhances the standard of living of some while "the majority fall victim to discontent, dependency, and poverty"

Overcoming Resistance to Change Essay Example for Free

Overcoming Resistance to Change Essay Overcoming Resistance Resistance is a normal and a perfectly natural reaction to change. Each person has their own amount they can take, but the reasons behind why employees resist in the first place may be surprising. According to these experts, the fear of moving into an unknown future state creates anxiety and stress, even if the current state is painful (Eroke, 2013). A complete understanding of the unique ways that resistance can be apparent is still needed because resistance to change has been acknowledged as an organizational difficulty for many years. If and when employees react to change in different ways, and if discrepancies in response result in different outcomes, identification of those expressions of resistance is a necessary step in the growth and execution of valuable change management strategies. After summarizing internal and external factors contributing to resistance to change, we will look at an example of this, identify the cause and develop a plan to overcome resistance. Internal and External Factors Contributing to Resistance to Change While internal and external factors certainly add to change responses, individuals can react more negatively to change than do others, regardless of the type of change. Individuals oppose beginning and completing self changing efforts, even when change is enviable or necessary. The interactions of these factors suggest inconsistency in individual behaviors, such that indefinite situations are most likely to bring to mind articulated perceptions, beliefs, behaviors, and attitudes. W hile global personality tests are probably not helpful in answering specific questions; an evaluation of outcome dispositions may capitulate greater projecting capability. There is little proof that points to individual disparities inclination to resist change. Conflict is stirred up by a variety of factors that include the environment, personalities; prejudices, appearances, etc. However, the inquiry of which individuals take action in what way, to which change situations, has not been sufficiently answered. The materializations of â€Å"resistance responses† within people and situations must be comprehended to allow management the opportunity to decide which plan can efficiently lessen resistance and if diverse strategies increase or decrease responses. An objective in the study of resistance is to identify individual responses to assist in forecasting probable variables. The more acquainted you are with your staff, the easier it will be to identify, assess, monitor, maintain, and execute change when needed. Example of Resistance to Change Based on Internal and External Factors At times employees felt they were being required to do more with less, or do more for the same pay which when this is the case, there is a huge resistance. Very rarely do you find good people that will go above and beyond for someone else or their company. In the restaurant business there are always tasks that need attention. There was a saying at one job â€Å"if you have time to lean, you have time to clean†. It is not all about serving food to guests and getting tipped for it. When someone does not show up for their shift, then that persons responsibilities are divided out amongst everyone. And when one of them is being asked to do side work that is not theirs, while getting paid such a low wage, there is not a positive reaction to say the least. As a waitress or server at most places, you only make 2-3 dollars an hour so when restaurant is slow and they do not make enough money to barely earn over minim um wage, it is extremely challenging to motivate them into doing manual labor for that amount of pay. Specifically, the most recent restaurant I managed, I relied heavily on the breakfast buffet and maintaining it during business hours as well as when we were closed. This buffet was important because most of the VIP rewards members only came for breakfast and their impression of the appearance, temperatures, and quality are being evaluated to possibly be turned in on comment card to corporate. Once this survey is completed online, these scores are then developed into a daily, monthly, and annual report that rates us on each department separately. A bad score decreases the points as a whole, makes the entire team look bad to corporate, and bad reviews can be seen by anyone, which can keep business from coming in and that will drop revenue. For some reason, we were not capable of securing this position longer than a few weeks which then it was being taken care of by any of the staff or management if they had a minute to help stock or clean it. This obviously is not going to be consistent for guests, appears disorganized or short staffed, and is a dangerous health hazard if someone is not taking temps every thirty minutes. Every single time someone did not show up to set up buffet, the staff and management jumped in to help, but it was like pulling teeth to get anyone to step in and do this job. Out of pure self interest each one of them would voice their opinion about how they do not make enough to do someone else’s job and it was not their job or they did not sign up for this. Resistance is an inevitable response to any major change. Individuals naturally rush to defend the status quo if they feel their security or status is threatened (Bolognese, 2002). I understand it is not their faults that it kept getting abandoned, but I also know how to be reasonable and work as a team. Most people are uncomfortable with change and will resist without giving much thought. Aside from self interest, Baack (2012) says, â€Å"differing assessments of the need for change occur whenemployees do not view a change as necessary, because managers and employees do not see eye to eye on the nature of the issue. Th ose with a low tolerance for change also tend to be resistant. It was challenging for everyone involved because most of them did not understand the nature or reason behind just doing what is asked of you regardless of how it may or may not affect you. The few that had been there many years were the first to help, but also the first to resist. They were all for customer service, pride in their company, and covering for someone as long as they were getting the credit. There were only a couple of employees who were willing to help, go out of their way, without expecting anything in return and those are the ones that were rewarded. Cause of Resistance Resistance will come in many dissimilar shapes and sizes, depending on your precise need. The cause for resistance can come from a variety of reasons, but the main cause behind this particular resistance was this position was not paid enough for the responsibilities that came with the position. Also, the labor involved was far more extensive than any other position in that department. Perhaps some other another reason may be because the buffet person was the low man on the totem pole, all by his lonesome, and getting stiffed by his or her own coworkers. This position was separated as far as opening and closing duties and had many items that contributed to the set up and break down which were placed in other parts of restaurant. The buffet person was usually not the person that â€Å"fit in† and almost always within a short period of time, they would request to be moved or they would find a different company to work for. Planned Approach for Overcoming Resistance Costs of training, risky score-cards, high turnover, unhappy guests and employees are enough of a reason to act on changing the way things have been failing. Upper management can determine who would be the best at changing this situation and making it a positive one that they can lead. Someone has to stand up and be responsible for holding people and themselves accountable and for this change to take place. Address the issue, acknowledge the conflict to employees and thank them for taking on extra work, but also engage with them in brainstorming to see if they may have something creative or valuable to assist in conquering the resistance. Once a new reasonable rate of pay has been distinguished, then a new set of responsibilities can be developed and split with the kitchen. There needs to be some way to mingle the two departments, which are separated by a line, so that this position is â€Å"included† with everyone else. Also, provide gift cards or free meals for adapting to c hange and moving forward during process. Set a goal for ninety days out to reevaluate, make transitions or changes and explain how the pieces fit together as a whole. Additional areas of resistance may surface so it is vital to recognize probable resistance points, as your development execution progresses. No matter which approach is used, managers should remember that change is often an unsettling process (Baack, 2012). Obtaining the preferred information to improve employees understanding of the organizations need for change is also one of the most significant steps in flourishing resistance management. A serious contemplation concerning the customization of your resistance management activities is relied upon the size of the change and the characteristics of the organization. When resistance has resulted in productivity loss and exhausted time and resources, it can be intimidating for the staff to rely solely on reactive procedures. Once the new changes have been implemented, closely maintained

Aspects of microeconomics and macroeconomics

Aspects of microeconomics and macroeconomics On this assignment will be looking into different aspect of microeconomics and macroeconomics, will be taken into consideration the definition and concept of the whole question as follow below. Part 1 (Micro section) Q1 To help understands by defining Demand that is the quantity of a good which consumers want, and are prepared and able to pay for. In this case the demand of organic food and drink has fallen sharply, and the main influence for fallen on demand for those products are: price; income; the price of substitute goods; the price of complements; taste; demographic factors; advertising and expectations. Price is one of the most important factors and it shift demand curve when it rises, the effect is shown by a movement along the demand curve, because consumers are likely to substitute cheaper alternative goods. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikibooks/en/c/c1/DemandCurveMovementExample2.png The demand curve is downward-sloping, showing that as a price falls, demand rises, and vice versa. In this graphic, a reduction of price from P2 to P1 causes a rise in demand from Q2 to Q1. Usually, the more people earn, the more they will spend. The demand for most goods increase as income rises, and these goods are known as normal goods. And organic food and drink are normal goods, because the demand falls as consumers income falls, and vice versa. Demand can change sometimes, because of the expectation of price changes in the future. For example, post-Christmas sales may push customers to postpone spending until January. In an article entitled Food Price, Ellis makes the point that (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) The proportion of shoppers buying organic food dropped by five per cent in the previous year. In July 2009, research carried out by marketing consultancy Cohn and Wolfe also reported that British shoppers are turning their backs on premium foods, organic produce and Fair-trade goods. According to the Cohn and Wolfe report, 69 per cent of shoppers say they intend to stick to their belt-tightening shopping practices even after the downturn ends (). www.bbc.co.uk/food/food_matters/foodprices.shtml#what_about_the_recession. Q2 The production possibility frontier illustrates the problems of scarcity and choice and the opportunity cost of resources allocation decisions. The opportunity cost of something is what you give up to get it. To understand the idea the economy, which produce two goods as manufacturing and financial services, with all resources employed, producing more financial services can only be achieved by some sacrifice on manufacturing services. It can be illustrated on diagram below shown. B A 0 The frontier shows all the maximum possible outputs given the economys existing quantity of resources. It can have any combination of goods along the line. Point A shows a society which is failing to use all of its resources to the full, either through inefficiency or unemployment. Point B is currently unachievable, but can be achieved throw economic growth. The shape of the curve is bowed outwards to the origin, is based on the notion of that society progressively allocates more resources to the production of a particular good, the opportunity cost of doing so will increase. In other words the curve is bold because the more input the less is the output. For example, UK economy is based on services because the government decide not to invest on manufacturing and thought the easiest way to make money is by providing financial services especially banks and shoppings only 13% of UK GDP comes from manufacturing. Now the services have been beaten by the recession, many banks are facing financial problems, because they use to lend money to people who were at lower income. Many of these people cannot repay their mortgage because they lost their jobs and they are haven their home been repossessed, it is causing serious problems on economy; records can be seen on graphic below. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7789844.stm Q5 It is important to be aware of the differences between theoretical models: a perfectly competitive firm; monopolistic competitive; oligopoly and a monopoly. But here only two will be taking into account. Perfectly Competitive Monopoly Very many small suppliers One supplier only Homogeneous goods; Suppliers products are a perfect substitute for one another One type of product only; no close substitutes available One market price Price set by one firm. Possibly price discrimination Demand curve of individual firm is horizontal. Demand curve of firm and industry is downward-sloping Perfect information Imperfect Information No barrier to entry in the long run Barriers to entry Clearly the assumptions essential perfect competitive extremely are not likely to apply in the real world; there is no market which obeys all the conditions. On the other hand, there are some that come close. The stock markets and foreign exchange are examples. Also complying with regulations the market is costly, as is training and equipment needed to operate in such a sophisticated, highly computerised market. As you can see, the conditions are not obeyed perfectly, but it may be that the markets are near enough the formal definition that displays the main characteristics of a theoretical perfectly competitive firm. The monopolist produces less, and charges more, than the perfectly competitive firm. He makes supernatural profits, which would be competed away in a perfectly competitive market in the long run. He may also be technically inefficient, operating at above minimum average cost. The monopolist equates marginal cost and marginal revenue. The perfectly competitive market equates marginal cost and average revenue. In perfect competition, each firm produces at the point where P=MC. PART 2 (Macro section) Q1 The economy is in recession because production is below its potential capacity, the term recession mean lack of money supplier. To respond this crisis the government is intervene through fiscal and monetary policy to increase aggregate demand, and the way for doing it is by supporting bank balance sheet; cutting in direct taxation(VAT -2.5); quantitative easing (bank of England) and employment level. Fiscal policy is basically about government taxation and expenditure. To help in this crisis the government has reduce the consumption tax VAT -2.5 to 15% to stimulate investment expenditure, but there was a big criticism about this idea, because reducing VAT did not cause long term impact in the economy, would cause more impact if they invest the  £12 billion building an public infrastructure to increase an aggregate demand. Monetary policy the bank of England is an independent monetary policy institution there a committee people appointed by government to make decision about interest rate, monetary policy is focus in regulating the money supplier in the economy through interest rate it has a big impact on aggregate demand. The bank of England has reduced its interest rate to 0.5% to boost the UK economy and start lending money to business and individuals. As the economy beginning to grown some others part of the economy will be automatically adjust, for example an increase on employment. Some companys worker has agreed to have a pay cut on their salaries to reduce people being redundant (BA Line). Automatic adjust as the economy beginning to grow the employment rate will decline http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7832714.stm According to Kyosaki, Robert, Rich dad poor dad 2, E, (2008), few people have anticipated the financial problems we face today were created more than 60 years ago by politicians and lawmakers predecessors. Q3 In the post-war period government have adopted four central objectives of macroeconomic policy: low inflation; full employment; rising economic growth and balance of payments. But full employment is too hard to archive especially there is a trend for national income to experience cycle of growth and contraction, i.e. boom and recession. These cause severe social problems as failing level of economic activity throws people out of work and causes business to fail. The term unemployment means those of working age who are without work, but who are available for work at current wage rates. Unemployment could still exist because of many causes mentioned below: Cyclical unemployment, this occurs due to a deficiency of demand, often refers to the fact that in such circumstances it is possible that prices will fall. Frictional unemployment, refer those people who are unemployed and jobs available rarely match perfectly, leading to an inevitable degree of unemployment. Technological unemployment, can occur when industry is growing and moving towards more efficient capital intensive methods of operation. Seasonal unemployment, relates to fluctuations in demand for labour directly related to cycles in demand for final product. Tourism and leisure industries are the best examples, these can contribute to regional problems as they are strong in particular areas. Some of the remedies that government can use to reduce the level of unemployment are: direct increase in government spending on public infrastructure; encouragement of business investment by offering grants and loans; encouragement of exports; subsidise firms in financial trouble, guarantee jobs for workers facing redundancy and to restrict imports of competing foreign goods and also using specific measures to get people back into work like new deal programme and so on. The relation between unemployment and inflation can be explained with Philips curve, by Professor AW Philips in the 1862-1958. Philips observed that the rate of change in money wages was inversely related to the level of unemployment. Rising money wages were identified as a source of inflation and the inflation appeared to be inversely related to the level of unemployment. http://welkerswikinomics.com/students/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/fig21-300269.jpg Q4 The globalization and the environment are linked, because for expansion of economic, environmental damage are produced that are essential to the process of globalization. Mander argue that Globalization is a human creation that aims to remove impediments, such as environmental laws that restrict companies access to resources and markets, environmental damage is therefore an intrinsic part of the globalization system. www.gale.cengage.com/pdf/samples/toc32870.pd The intention of having a globalized world and to lower trade barriers, protecting free trade and my environment, thus bringing the economic development in poor countries, so that people have access to information, improving their health and liability to environmental protection. The process helps to globalize the ideas run free from one country to another, increasing the availability of knowledge and other opinions, helping the development among the nations. But for many environmentalists and anti-globalists Globalization will lead to environmental disaster and will gradually lead to the destruction of the environment, because the vision of globalization and produced without precedents to environmental deterioration. Speth points out that Since the end of World War II economic expansion has produced enormous environmental damage and global economic development can be expected to bring about even more dire economic consequences. www.gale.cengage.com/pdf/samples/toc32870.pd He believes that with globalization the few developed countries are benefiting because there was an opening up huge markets for them, since many of these poor countries produce more effective products and efficient, doing so will be multinationals are setting up in places, boosting investment foreign direct investment, and generating many jobs open to residents, e.g. Asian Tigers of South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore demonstrated the great benefits of globalization and free trade. www.futureharvest.org/ news / globalization_pir. In the other hand, there is a great inequality and between rich and poor countries. Aislin It has been argued that poor countries are often exploited and pushed into the world trade forums. For example, it is evident when the rich nations are allowed to pay huge subsidies to their farmers, which leaves LDN is a disadvantage industrial Workers. http://www.abcnews.go.com/sections/politics/dailynews/TheNote_March5.html Q5 If imports goods are too high it may be possible to reduce demand for them in the economy by imposing tariffs to raise the price of imports goods to prevent unfair competition in the home market. Also to avoid buying product from the market were workers have been exploited to export their product cheap. This policy is likely to be met by retaliation from overseas countries, which will reduce exports putting the current account back into deficit. In addition, imposition of tariffs does not reduce expenditure if demand for imports is relatively inelastic, government policy favouring domestic suppliers may mean higher than necessary taxes to pay for the higher necessary purchase cost, and restrictions generally encourage smuggling and black market For example, a poor country that in main revenue comes from the tax on trade, if withdraw the tax trade its revenue will reduce significantly also the amount of investment on public infrastructure will be reduce, consequently many import goods may come into the market in a low price, causing the domestic goods serious problems on market as well as increase unemployment. The balance of payment also will be affected; because of lack of exportation it may cause government to borrow some money to balance the balance of payment.

Implementation Of Clustering Algorithm K Mean K Medoid Computer Science Essay

Implementation Of Clustering Algorithm K Mean K Medoid Computer Science Essay Data Mining is a fairly recent and contemporary topic in computing. However, Data Mining applies many older computational techniques from statistics, machine learning and pattern recognition. This paper explores two most popular clustering techniques are the k-means k-medoids clustering algorithm. However, k-means algorithm is cluster or to group your objects based on attributes into K number of group and  k-medoids  is a  related to the  K-means  algorithm. These algorithms are based on the k partition algorithms and both attempt to minimize  squared error. In contrast to the K-means algorithm K-medoids chooses data points as centres. The algorithms have been developed in Java, for integration with Weka Machine Learning Software. The algorithms have been run with two dataset Facial palsy and Stemming. It is having been shown that the algorithm is generally faster and more accurate than other clustering algorithms. Data Mining derives its name from the similarities between searching for valuable business information in a large database (for example, finding linked products in gigabytes of store scanner data) and mining a mountain for a vein of valuable ore.[1] Both process requires either sifting through an immense amount of material. Or intelligently probing it to find exactly where the value resides. Data Mining Data mining is also known as knowledge mining. Before it was named DATA MINING, it was called data collection, data warehousing or data access. Data mining tools predicts the behaviours of the models that are loaded in the data mining tools (like Weka) for analysis, allowing making predicted analysis, of the model. Data mining provides hands-on and practical information. Data mining is the most powerful tool available now. Data mining can be used for modelling in fields such as artificial intelligence, and neural network. What does it do? Data mining take the data which exists in unrelated patterns and designs, and uses this data to predict information which can be compared in terms of statistical and graphical results. Data mining distil / filters the information from the data that is inputted and final model is generated. Clustering What is cluster analysis? Unlike classification and prediction, which analyse class-labeled data objects, clustering analyses data objects without consulting a known class label. A 2-D plot of customer data with respect to customer locations in a city, showing three data clusters. Each cluster center is marked with a +.[6] Clustering is the technique by which like objects are grouped together. The objects are clustered or grouped based on the principle of maximizing the intra class similarity and minimizing the interclass similarity. i.e. clusters of the objects are made so that the clusters have resemblance in comparison to one another, but are very divergent to objects in other clusters. Each cluster that is made can be viewed as a class of objects, from which rules can be derived. [6] Problem overview The problem at hand is able to correctly cluster a facial palsy dataset which is given by our lecturer. This section will provide an overview of dataset being analysed, and description about dataset that we use in this implementation. Data Set 1.3.1.1 Facial_Palsy_svmlight_format Facial Palsy data is for binary classification. +1 severe facial palsy faces -1 Non-severe or normal faces 66 Principal components generated from 5050 Hamming distance images 1.3.1.2 A6_df2_stemming__svm: Attributes: 100 A6_df2_stemming__svm_100.dat +1 Open question -1 Closed question Section 2 Methodology This section will firstly discuss the methodology behind K-means k-medoids algorithm. It is than followed by steps to implement k-means and k medoids algorithms. How many input, output and what are the steps to perform k-means and k-medoids. 2.1 K-mean K-means clustering starts with a single cluster in the centre, as the mean of the data. Here after the cluster is split into 2 clusters and the mean of the new cluster are iteratively trained. Again these clusters are split and the process goes on until the specified numbers of the cluster are obtained. If the specified number of cluster is not a power of two, then the nearest power of two above the number specified is selected and then the least important clusters are removed and the remaining clusters are again iteratively trained to get the final clusters. If the user specifies the random start, random cluster is generated by the algorithm, and it goes ahead by fitting the data points into these clusters. This process is repeated many times in loops, for as many random numbers the user chooses or specifies and the best value is found at the end. The output values are displayed. The drawbacks of the clustering method are that, the measurement of the errors or the uncertainty is ignored associated with the data. Algorithm: The k-means algorithm for partitioning, where each clusters centre is represented by the mean value of the objects in the cluster. Input: k: the number of clusters, D: a data set containing n objects. Output: A set of k clusters. Method: (1) Arbitrarily choose k objects from D as the initial cluster centers; (2) Repeat (3) reassign each object to the cluster to which the object is the most similar, based on the mean value of the objects in the cluster; (4) Update the cluster means, i.e., calculate the mean value of the objects for each cluster; (5) Until no change; Where E is the sum of the square error for all objects in the data set; p is the point in space representing a given object; and mi is the mean of cluster Ci (both p and mi are multidimensional). In other words, for each object in each cluster, the distance from the object to its cluster center is squared, and the distances are summed. This criterion tries to make the resulting k clusters as compact and as separate as possible.[2] Clustering of a set of objects based on the k-means method. (The mean of each cluster is marked by a +.) 2.2 K- Medoids This report recommends a new algorithm for K-medoids, which runs like the K-means algorithm. The algorithm proposed scans and calculates distance matrix, and use it for finding new medoids at every constant and repetitive step. The evaluation is based on real and artificial data and is compared with the results of the other algorithms. Here we are discussing the approach on k- medoids clustering, using the k-medoids algorithm. The algorithm is to be implemented on the dataset which consist of uncertain data. K-medoids are implemented because they to represent the centrally located objects called medoids in a cluster. Here the k-medoids algorithm is used to find the representative objects called the  medoids  in the dataset. Algorithm: k-medoids. PAM, a k-medoids algorithm for partitioning based on medoids or central objects. Input: k: the number of clusters, D: a data set containing n objects. Output: A set of k clusters. Method: (1) Arbitrarily choose k objects in D as the initial representative objects or seeds; (2) Repeat (3) Assign each remaining object to the cluster with the nearest representative object; (4) Randomly select a no representative object, o random; (5) Compute the total cost, S, of swapping representative object, oj, with o random; (6) If S (7) Until no change; Where E is the sum of the absolute error for all objects in the data set; p is the point in space representing a given object in cluster Cj; and oj is the representative object of Cj. In general, the algorithm iterates until, eventually, each representative object is actually the medoids, or most centrally located object, of its cluster. This is the basis of the k-medoids method for grouping n objects into k clusters.[6] 2.3 Distance Matrix An important step in most clustering is to select a  distance measure, which will determine how the  similarity  of two elements is calculated. Common distance metrics: Euclidean Manhattan Minkowski Hamming etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Here in our implementation we choose two distance matrix that you can see below with description. 2.3.1 Euclidean Distance Metric The  Euclidean distance  between points  p  and  q  is the length of the  line segment. In  Cartesian coordinates, if  p  =  (p1,  p2  pn) and q  =  (q1,  q2  qn) are two points in  Euclidean  n-space, then the distance from  p  to  q  is given by: 2.3.2 Manhattan Distance Metric The Manhattan (or taxicab) distance,  d1, between two vectors  in an n-dimensional  real  vector space  with fixed  Cartesian coordinate system, is the sum of the lengths of the projections of the  line segment  between the points onto the  coordinate axes. Section 3 Discussion In this section we are discussing about how Weka Machine learning work and how we implemented both k-means and k medoids algorithm. To implement these two algorithms we use Java and we are explaining how we implemented in java which function we use in order to implement these two algorithms. 3.1 Weka Machine Learning Weka is a machine learning software made using Java and many other languages. Weka has a collection of tools that are used to analyse the data that the user inputs in the form of dataset files. Weka supports more than four different input data formats. Weka uses an interactive GUI interface, which is easy for the user to use.  Ã‚  Weka provides the functionality for testing and visual aid options that can be used by the user to compare and sort the results. 3.2 Implementation In this section, we discuss about implementation of 2 clustering algorithms: K-Means and K-Medoids. Here, we use Object Oriented Programming to implement these 2 algorithms. The structure of program as below: There are 3 packages: K-Mean, K-Medoid, main. Files in K-Mean package: Centroid.java Cluster.java KMean_Algorithm.java KMean_Test.java KMean_UnitTest.java Files in K-Medoid package: KMedoid_Algorithm.java KMedoid_UnitTest.java Files in main package: Attribute.java DataPoint.java DistanceCalculation.java FileFilter.java MainFrame.java Utilities.jav There are some main functions implemented for clustering activity as below: 3.2.1 read_SVMLightFile_fill_up_missing_attribute() This function is about reading the SVM Light data file (.dat) and fill up all the missing attributes/values in data file before returning a Vector of data-points for clustering activity. 3.2.2 calculate_distance() This function is providing calculation according to the distance metric input in order to calculate distance between data objects for clustering activity. Overall, this function provides calculation for 3 different distance metrics as: Euclidean, Manhattan and Minkowski. 3.2.3 startClustering() This function is about running a particular clustering algorithm and returns a Vector of Clusters with their own data-points inside. All the steps of a particular clustering algorithm is implemented, here we implement K_Means and K_Medoids clustering algorithms. 3.2.4 calculateSumOfSquareError() This function is about calculating the total/sum square error for all the output clusters. By calling the function calculateSquareError() inside every cluster and sum up, the sum of Square Error will be calculated as long as the clustering activity finished. 3.2.5 calculateSumOfAbsoluteError() This function is about calculating the total/sum absolute error for all the output clusters. By calling the function calculateAbsoluteError() inside every cluster and sum up, the sum of Absolute Error will be calculated as long as the clustering activity finished. 3.2.6 toString() and main() The toString() function will return a string which represents the clustering output, including: total objects of every cluster, percent of object in every cluster, the error (such as: sum of square error or sum of absolute error), the centroid of every cluster and all the data-points clustered in the clusters. The main() function inside MainFrame.java class will allow to execute the GUI of the program, so users can interact with system by GUI instead of console or command-line. In this GUI, users can choose type of distance metric (such as Euclidean and Manhattan), Clustering algorithm (such as K-Means and K-Medoids) and enter input parameters such as number of clusters and number of iterations for clustering activity. Besides, users also can open any data file to view or modify and save before running clustering as well as export the original data file with missing attributes/values to new processed data file with all missing values filled up by zero (0). Section 4 Analysis In order to access the performance of the K-means k-medoids clusters, two dataset of analyses was carried out. The aim of this set to tests was provide an indicator as to how well the clusters performed using the k-means and k-medoids function. The tests were involved comparing the cluster to other cluster of various types provided within Weka cluster suite. The results are summarised throughout the remainder of this section. 4.1 Experiment (Facial Palsy dataset) results vs. Weka Here In this section how we did a comparison with our application algorithm vs. Weka you can see below. In this pattern we give iterations when we run a dataset with our application and Weka. Iterations: 10 >> 30 >> 50 >> 100 >> 200 >> 300 >> 400 >> 500 In this pattern we give a cluster when we run a dataset with our application and Weka. Clusters: 2 >> 3 >> 4 >> 5 After we run dataset with this format than each and every run we get result we combine that result, compare with Weka, we make a total of each and every column and come with average and we are displaying in table that you can see in below table. This Symbol is object. To see a result please click on this object it will show you result. We put as object because result is too big in size so we are not able to put in this A4 page. 4.2 Experiment (Stemming Question dataset) results vs. Weka Here In this section how we did a comparison with our application algorithm vs. Weka you can see below. In this pattern we give iterations when we run a dataset with our application and Weka. Iterations: 10 >> 30 >> 50 >> 100 >> 200 >> 300 >> 400 >> 500 In this pattern we give a cluster when we run a dataset with our application and Weka. Clusters: 2 >> 3 >> 4 >> 5 After we run dataset with this format than each and every run we get result we combine that result, compare with Weka, we make a total of each and every column and come with average and we are displaying in table that you can see in below table. This Symbol is object. To see a result please click on this object it will show you result. We put as object because result is too big in size so we are not able to put in this A4 page. Section 5 Conclusion In evaluating the performance of data mining techniques, in addition to predicative accuracy, some researchers have been done the importance of the explanatory nature of models and the need to reveal patterns that are valid, novel, useful and may be most importantly understandable and explainable. The K-means and k-medoids clusters achieved this by successfully clustering with facial palsy dataset. Which method is more robust-k-means or k-medoids? The k-medoids method is more robust than k-means in the presence of noise and outliers, because a medoids is less influenced by outliers or other extreme values than a mean. However, its processing is more costly than the k-means method. Both methods require the user to specify k, the number of clusters. Aside from using the mean or the medoids as a measure of cluster center, other alternative measures are also commonly used in partitioning clustering methods. The median can be used, resulting in the k-median method, where the median or middle value is taken for each ordered attribute. Alternatively, in the k-modes method, the most frequent value for each attribute is used. 5.1 Future Work The K-means algorithm can create some in efficiency as; it scans the dataset leaving some noise and outliners. These small flaws can be considered major to some of the users, but this doesnt means that the implementation can be prevented. It is always possible that sometimes the dataset is more efficient to follow other algorithms more efficiently, and the result distribution can be equal or acceptable. It is always advisable to make the dataset more efficient by removing unwanted attributes and more meaning full by pre-processing the nominal values to the numeric values. 5.2 Summery Throughout this report the k-mean and the k-medoids algorithms are implemented, which find the best result by scanning the dataset and creating clusters. The algorithm was developed using Java API and more Java classes.  

The End of World War I :: World War I History

The End of World War I As the news of the individual surrender spread, fellow Germans saw that they were losing the war and started mutinies. Many people told the Kaiser to seek an armistice with the allies. However, he did not show any intensions of giving up. With the end so close, many American newspapers started to create rumors that the armistice had signed been signed by the Germans. They assumed that our leaders were suing for peace. They were still only considering signing an armistice. The American armistice was based on Woodrow Wilson's fourteen-point plan. He did have a hard time convincing the other allies that the fourteen-point plan was going to work. Wilson who was wanted peace without actually winning the war. By the time the armistice was signed, the people of Germany were happy that the war had ended. The treaty was signed at Rethondes, France at 5:00 pm on November 11 1918. Two days earlier Kaiser Williams of Germany had abdicated and fled to the Netherlands. Prince Max of Beden had immediately accepted defeat. The word quickly passed along the front and at 11:00 the battles should stop. Many notes had passed between Prince Williams and President Wilson in the days that led to the armistice. All of the matters were discussed through notes although a representative was sent to explain the idea behind the fourteen point and other American theories that led to the formation of the armistice. After the armistice was signed and the war ended many of the Americans flooded the towns located near the front, they celebrated. Many sang their national anthem. The streets were crowded with people. The town center was so filled that you could hardly see anything. Church bells ringed through out Europe to praise the end of the war. Many people even sung huge flags of either America or France. Many of the soldiers just stared and wondered what was going on. They had seen all the death and did not realize why the men celebrated. Many people endorsed the fourteen-point plan. Some even thought that he would win the noble peace prize for his work during the tragic war. Many Americans believed that their president their war hero had ended the war with the fourteen points for peace. Many of the allies wanted to put and end to the war by claming victory and puncture the economy of Germany forever. The End of World War I :: World War I History The End of World War I As the news of the individual surrender spread, fellow Germans saw that they were losing the war and started mutinies. Many people told the Kaiser to seek an armistice with the allies. However, he did not show any intensions of giving up. With the end so close, many American newspapers started to create rumors that the armistice had signed been signed by the Germans. They assumed that our leaders were suing for peace. They were still only considering signing an armistice. The American armistice was based on Woodrow Wilson's fourteen-point plan. He did have a hard time convincing the other allies that the fourteen-point plan was going to work. Wilson who was wanted peace without actually winning the war. By the time the armistice was signed, the people of Germany were happy that the war had ended. The treaty was signed at Rethondes, France at 5:00 pm on November 11 1918. Two days earlier Kaiser Williams of Germany had abdicated and fled to the Netherlands. Prince Max of Beden had immediately accepted defeat. The word quickly passed along the front and at 11:00 the battles should stop. Many notes had passed between Prince Williams and President Wilson in the days that led to the armistice. All of the matters were discussed through notes although a representative was sent to explain the idea behind the fourteen point and other American theories that led to the formation of the armistice. After the armistice was signed and the war ended many of the Americans flooded the towns located near the front, they celebrated. Many sang their national anthem. The streets were crowded with people. The town center was so filled that you could hardly see anything. Church bells ringed through out Europe to praise the end of the war. Many people even sung huge flags of either America or France. Many of the soldiers just stared and wondered what was going on. They had seen all the death and did not realize why the men celebrated. Many people endorsed the fourteen-point plan. Some even thought that he would win the noble peace prize for his work during the tragic war. Many Americans believed that their president their war hero had ended the war with the fourteen points for peace. Many of the allies wanted to put and end to the war by claming victory and puncture the economy of Germany forever.

Database Development :: essays research papers

Network Upgrade In order to resolve network related problems The Airframe Corporation (TAC) has decided to upgrade the existing network consisting of a mix of Token Ring and shred Ethernet hubs to a switched Ethernet network. The purpose of this paper is to discuss several aspects of the project plan for the upgrade. This discussion will be made in threes sections. Section one will include project definition, while section two will deal with work breakdown structure and estimated schedules, and section three will cover costing and risk analysis. The project definition will include a background and statement of need, project objectives, the mission and goals or the project, the project approach, the project organization, and a task responsibility matrix. The work breakown structure (WBS) will consist of a WBS chart, a task flow and critical path, a project schedule, and project reporting. The costing and risk analysis will contain a cost plan, a project baseline, performance measures, project evaluation and reporting, and project termination. Background and Statement of Need The project team has identified several issues with the current network infrastructure. The first is the availability and cost of token ring hardware. Ethernet is the dominant network topology and is included on many devices at no cost. Equipment with token ring interfaces can be found but are much more expensive. Another problem is that the current hardware is about 10 years old and is experiencing increased maintenance costs. Another problem is that the majority of the existing cable plant does not meet minimal category 5 standards. Project Objectives The project has been budgeted $200,000 for cable installation, labor and hardware and the timeframe for the project should not exceed six months. The network upgrade should be designed to support the companies needs for a minimum of seven years without major rework. The project will need to have minimal impact on the network operations, as a result much of the work will need to be accomplished after-hours or on weekends. Mission and Goals of Project The goals of the project are: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Increase network availability to 99.999%. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Complete project within budget. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Complete project on time. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Upgrade category 3 cable plant to category 5e or better. Project Approach The project manager will assemble a team of individuals with the appropriate skills. Network engineering will design and build the network. A cable vendor will be selected by network engineering. Platform engineering will upgrade clients and desktops. Networking engineering will be responsible for selecting an equipment vendor, designing the network, locating a cable vendor, and identifying cable runs that need to be replaced.

Racism in “Heart of Darkness” and “Apocalypse Now” Essay

The book â€Å"Heart of Darkness† and the movie â€Å"Apocalypse Now† are two works dealing with deep issues of evil. (Beyond imperialism, because the evil of imperialism has a root. For example, crack the nut) They refer places boiling down to a discussion of racism. The Thames River as in any mythology is a source of life. At the end, Marlow comes upon Kurtz’s Intended and said, â€Å"An object of the fecund†. Also, these two works deal with how a man is surrounded by evil acts and evil minds to fight of the fire fueled by the society. They also talks about how a character is a racist, when that character clearly condemns his way of life by leaving the Congo, and confirms the ills of society by lying about them. Firstly, I think that the racism claims are overstated, in two ways. A) Conrad’s racism, such as it is, is directed not at black people as a whole but rather as Africans. I think the prejudice must be recognized as activism, or whatever the proper term is, rather than as racism. B) Conrad is critical, not solely of Africans and their way of life, but also of European culture. He’s just as anti-white as he is also anti-black. Additionally, I think that Conrad may be considered a racist if and only if you decide that the definition of racism is thinking your race is better, but I really don’t think that he could be considered a white supremacist or that he really contained a deep hatred for Africans. In fact, I don’t think that he was even that serious on his own race. It is because that overtime he describes the presence of the white imperialist or any white people in general, he describes them in a bitter, dark way. And while he describes the Africans in a sort of blunt way as natural, rustic, raw people. I also think he does it in a much lighter way. I don’t think he criticizes the way they were. I just think he is ignorant of the political correctness found in today’s society. Moreover, I don’t consider the answer is simple enough to just say one is good and the other is bad. We have to keep in mind when this book was written. In that time period the other didn’t really have much perception at all on what the African people were like. He only could go by the common knowledge of the day that wasn’t very pleasant. I don’t think that we can expect an author in that time to be a non-racist. Ever since I read that article, I have thought of the book as being pretty disturbing. I don’t know if I would have considered this book quite so frustrating. If I had not read that article, since the racism is the only part of the book that I have been able to focus on. I still think it is very well written and interesting, but it is more difficult to enjoy it, knowing that the author was so racist. Then again, I suppose one cannot expect much more coming from a story written at a time when whites didn’t know hardly anything about other races, and cultures. Ultimately, I believe that there is a definitely a strong element of racism in both Heart Of Darkness and Apocalypse Now. However, I believe that the article on ‘Achebe’ overreacts. Granted Conrad displays no respect for the African Culture, this is historical fact and granted that it is not good. It is a part of history in which it cannot be ignored, so it will never happen again stating that black people should be grateful of the white because they were the ones who got them out of slavery in the first place.

Hamlet: Tragic Hero, Indecisive Villain

Let it be known that Hamlet spent every single act of Hamlet, give or take a few scenes, attempting to justify a reason to follow through with killing his uncle. He suffered through a brutal, miserable, and more-than-slightly ridiculous period of time where his indecision tirelessly tore him to emotional shreds. Throughout the play, Hamlet’s actions (and inaction) were dictated by intense opposing factors of the id, ego, and superego factors of the mental human psyche. Hamlet’s id reflected his burning desire for a sexual relationship with his mother, the ego was characterised by the grueling lengthy time period Hamlet spent trying to finalize his decision, and the superego was defined by a constant ongoing battle between the ghost of King Hamlet giving Hamlet directions on what to do and Hamlet’s own person conflicts with procuring the death of his Uncle Claudius.Hamlet Feels ThingsIn Freudian psychology, the id is the impulsive part of human psyche that consist s of all biological personality traits; also known as â€Å"it.† It can be referred to as â€Å"the pleasure principle,† the idea that every impulse should be satisfied immediately. It instinctively decides what a being truly wants and is strongest in a person when they are an infant, and seek attention at their every basic need. As it is not affected by reality or consequences, it must be greatly repressed to keep a being from making mistakes (McLeod). In context of Hamlet, Hamlet’s id is his unresolved, tauntingly conflicting feelings for his mother, Gertrude. This Oedipus Complex allows for the physical representations of Hamlet’s id, which thus intensifies his already burning desires for a sexual relationship with Gertrude as Hamlet has a palpable release for his urges (Chiu).Her character causes further conflict as she seems to consciously provoke excessive anger and passion from Hamlet, most evidently as she so quickly angers Hamlet from her â€Å" incestuous deeds† in Act 3, Scene 4 (and because of this, shows how she herself is affected by the Oedipus Complex and retaliates the feelings that her son has for her). Gertrude is the focus of the anger and passions of not only Hamlet, but the two other main male characters in the play as well — Hamlet’s father and his brother, Claudius. Her strong physical and sexual appetites are brought  to life in popular film representations of Hamlet, specifically Laurence Olivier’s version. In his portrayal of the closet scene, Hamlet furiously throws Gertrude on to her large, central canopied bed and continues of to verbally assault her while having her in an uncomfortably close embrace all the while.G: Have you forgot me? H: No, by the rood not so. You are the queen, your husband’s brother’s wife, and (would it were not so) you are my mother. G: Nay, then I’ll set those to you that can speak. H: Come, come, and sit you down; you shall not budge. You go not till I set you up a glass Where you may see the (inmost) part of you. (III. 4. 18-25)Olivier’s film, as others similar to it, portray a deceitful woman that uses her sexuality to arouse strong responses and powerful reaction in men, as well as to obtain an advantage over them. This gives readers and audiences a clearer view of Gertrude’s character and allow a view of what affects Hamlet’s emotions. (Smith)Claudius himself also physically represents Hamlet’s id. As Claudius is the man that so rapidly replaced King Hamlet, Hamlet is able to direct negative, murderous thoughts towards him without repression. Hamlet wants to and is even directed to take Claudius’ life, and Hamlet’s grief over his father pushes him to do so. (Tuohy)Hamlet is Conflicted, As AlwaysThe ego is the sector of the human psyche that develops to mediate conflict between the unrealistic id and conflicting superego. In contrast to the how the id works thro ugh impulse and desire, the ego operates by the â€Å"reality principle,† finding ways to realistically attain the wishes of the id. This, however, often leads to delayed satisfaction. â€Å"The id is the horse and the ego is the rider,† compared Freud in one of his researches. The submissive ego is often dominated by the controlling id, constantly attempting to meet the needs of the id while taking reality into account. (McLeod)The ego in Hamlet is simply his indecision and the immense amount of time it takes him to make his decision. Hamlet frequently plays a mental mind game with himself, trying to justify finally killing his uncle but always finding a reason to put it off. Hamlet’s task is only to kill Claudius, but that also means killing the man who is living the life he wants, the man who embodies his childhood fantasies. The loathing that should drive him to kill is replaced by self-reproaches that remind him that he himself is no better than the sinner whom he is to punish. (Schaeffer)One other factor that kept Hamlet from acting was that if he did kill Claudius, he would then be king, and he did not take interest in that position. â€Å"O God. I could be bounded in a nutshell and count myself a king of infantile space, were it not I have bad dreams† (II. ii. 248-250). If he were king, Hamlet would gladly ignore his public office. He wouldn’t be able to, though, because his conscious would bother him and force him to take care of his responsibilities. (Walsh) Hamlet’s internal battle with himself is probably the most dominant representation of ego in the play. He is torn with emotions: pity and outrage for his father, shame and scorn for his mother, and guilt over his reluctance to follow through with his orders, his responsibility than he inwardly repudiates. (Walsh)Hamlet Has Morals, Who Knew?The superego part of the human psyche incorporates the values and morals learned from an early age. The main function of the superego is to control the id’s impulses, especially those that society looks down upon such as sex and aggression. It also has the power to persuade the ego towards moral solutions instead of just realistic ones. The superego is the most complex sect of the psyche as it is made up of two parts: the conscious and the ideal self. The conscious is responsible for the emotions felt after a decision is made, which is guilt more often than anything else. The ideal self is an imaginary, made up picture of how a person ought to be. It represents career goals, how one ought to acts towards others, and how to become a functioning human being in society. These two parts combine to form the superego and to aid in the attempts of hindering the id. (McLeod)In context of Hamlet, there are multiple conflicting superegos that hinder Hamlet in his decision to kill Claudius. The ghost of King Hamlet is the primary superego in favor of killing Claudius. â€Å"Taint not thy mind, nor le t thy soul contrive / against thy mother ought. Leave her to heaven. / And to those thoughts that in her bosom lodge / to pick and sting her.† (I. v. 85-88) Hamlet is extremely conflicted, because his father’s ghost found him, and specifically ordered Hamlet to avenge his death.This unwelcome paternal superego exacts the killing of Claudius even as it forbids Hamlet to kill himself. In his request, King Hamlet reveals that because Gertrude fell so quickly to Claudius, the King feels emasculated. King Hamlet engenders sexual confusion in Hamlet as he asks him to identify with his feminized self. Claudius killed King Hamlet, and thus King Hamlet â€Å"is in the feminine position of being penetrated by the man who has already penetrated his wife,† according to Stone. The King impedes the son’s mind by saying that Claudius â€Å"won by lustful sin, the heart of my most seeming virtuous queen.† (I. v. 53)By highlighting Gertrude’s fickleness and s hallowness in this quote, the ghost characterizes her as a damsel that Hamlet needs to save. Hamlet feels as if he’s morally obligated to complete the task for his father, and to â€Å"save† his mother from such a monster, and these intense feelings supplement as a secondary superego in favor of killing Claudius. There were many other minor superego factors opposed to killing Claudius, however. Some were simple, such as the law, religion, and Hamlet’s own morals.The law simply forbid murder, especially in Hamlet’s case as he was the Prince of Denmark and having the prince kill the king would be an abomination. Hamlet’s religion held him back from his task because Hamlet was taught that killing was a sin, therefore it should not be committed and vengeance should be left to God and God alone. Hamlet’s own morals also stood in his way, as he had firm beliefs that killing was wrong. (Stone)Claudius himself, though he is a facet of Hamlet’ s id, is also a representation of Hamlet’s superego. Hamlet’s loyalty to his father breaks down into subconcious identification with the brother who murdered him; and is â€Å"the brother† now possess exactly what Hamlet desires: Gertrude. Because of this, Hamlet is engrossed in a subconscious rivalry with Claudius, as he  constantly battles him for Gertrude’s attentions. (Walsh)In the EndUltimately, Hamlet’s refusal to make a decision became his decision. â€Å"My fate cries out!† (I. iv. 58) He is in turmoil for so long, he becomes mad with despair. His despondency seems more focused on his mother’s remarriage than it does on his father’s death, even after the revelation of his uncle’s crime. There were countless opportunities to kill Claudius, but Hamlet always found excuses to avoid it. The real reason why Hamlet never killed Claudius: killing Claudius would mean that Hamlet would also be killing a small part of hi mself; the part that loved Gertrude..Things soon change, however. After Gertrude dies in the final scene, Hamlet no longer has a need to repress his sexual desires. His strength returns, and thus he is finally able to kill Claudius. After Claudius’ death, Hamlet no longer struggles, and can therefore finally rest (die peacefully). (Tuohy)The factors that arise from Hamlet’s inability to make the decision to kill Claudius or not arise from his id, ego, and superego. The id being his desire for an Oedipal relationship with his mother, the ego being the time it took to follow through with a decision, and the superego being many factors, dominantly the ghost of King Hamlet. The id was a stronger force than the the super ego, which was the reason behind all of Hamlet’s emotional outbursts. Hamlet was only able to find inner peace and kill Claudius after Gertrude died, which takes the possibility of his desires away. After he had completed his mission and he did not h ave to live for Gertrude anymore, he could finally die in peace.