International Finance - 1841 Words

Question 1 a. The dollar is presently weak and is expected to strengthen over time. These expectations affect the tendency of U.S investors to invest in foreign securities because the value of U.S dollar decrease will lead to the U.S company get less profit and earn less money. Consequently, U.S companies will pay fewer dividends for investors who invest in these companies. So, investors will tend to invest in foreign securities where they can get higher dividend. On the other hand, a weak currency can reduce unemployment but maybe it can lead to high inflation, and simultaneously it may reduce U.S imports and boost U.S exports or buy more goods than it sells abroad (imports exceed exports). Another thing, in the long run, trade deficits†¦show more content†¦And when it is expected to strengthen against, owns or earnings from the foreign securities can periodically be converted back to more dollars when they were sold. Question 2: In my opinion, a financial manager of Chapman Co. recommends that it wait until the world stock market recover before it issue stock. He is correct because this is the first time Chapman Co. engage in an initial public offering (IPO). And IPO is very important so it is the first challenge for company to issue stock. Consequently, when Chapman Co. waits until the world stock market recover before it issues stock, this will make Chapman Co.‘s stock price increase according to the world stock marker recover, then, Chapman Co. can gain more profit. Because at the beginning, Chapman Co. issued stock with initial price, and the world market recover will make the Chapman Co.‘s stock price increases more than initial price. Consequently, Chapman Co. gets more profit from IPO and can finance its international expansion. On the other hand, if Chapman Co. follows the other managers to issue stock now even if the world stock market‘s price would low, the Chapman‘s stock price would be low and tend to more decrease according to weak world stock market. So the low stock price at this time will not encourage people to buy. Moreover, the world stock market is still not recovered, the other companies’ stock may also get problems and lead to decrease their stock price. And investors willShow MoreRelatedInternational Finance Exam4417 Words   |  18 PagesInternational finance FIN 412 Exam #2 MC:  Examples of single-currency interest rate swap and cross-currency interest rate swap are:   A.  fixed-for-floating rate interest rate swap, where one counterparty exchanges the interest payments of a floating- rate debt obligations for fixed-rate interest payments of the other counter party B.  fixed-for-fixed rate debt service (currency swap), where one counterparty exchanges the debt service obligations of a bond denominated in one currency forRead MoreSources Of Finance For Synergy International Limited1627 Words   |  7 Pagessources of finance for Synergy International Limited to enable the company to invest in new machinery, at a cost of approximately  £225,000, in order to manufacture mobile phone covers for the Samsung S7 Edge. Also included in this report, are the information needs of the different decision makers. There are long term external sources of finance that Synergy International Limited could access; they could issue preference or ordinary shares although there would be issue costs. Finance, in the wayRead MoreInternational Trade and Finance1501 Words   |  7 PagesLinda Luc Duong International Trade and Finance ECO/372 August 27, 2012 Matthew J. Angner International Trade and Finance When there is a surplus of imports brought into the United States it means that the price of the products will drop. Companies in the United States are competing with the Chinese made products will suffer from price drops on goods. Lower prices on goods will benefit consumers. 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Palate-Able Delights (PAD) is a niche retailer of high-end food products imported from various parts of the world. Iranian saffron and caviar, French champagnes, Italian truffles and olive oils, vintage balsamic vinegars, fine cheeses, reserve wines from the leading vintners, even limited-availability spring waters†¦ifRead MoreInternational Finance and Economy Essay1225 Words   |  5 Pagesall-time high of 149,713.4 USD Million in November of 2013. The foreign currency reserve for Turkey in December of 2013 was 109,279.75 USD million. Some worry that much of the foreign capital that finances Turkey’s current account deficit is of the flighty sort, which can leave quickly. (International Reserves and Foreign Currency Liquidity – TURKEY) With â€Å"hot money† exiting out of Turkey and their central bank hiking interest rates to try to keep their currency from falling any more, it makes itRead MoreTrade Finance and International Trade1903 Words   |  8 PagesAccording to Branch trade finance has become a strong bargaining point in the conduct of international trade. Negotiating strategy needed to reduce finance risk (Branch, 2005). Trade finance is a topic contained the financial facilities industry. Manufactured goods is sold and distributed to overseas; therefore, it takes longer to get paid. Additional time and energy is required to make sure that buyers are trustworthy and creditworthy. Also, foreign buyers who are just like domestic buyers. TheyRead MoreInternational Trade And Finance ( Bus571 )2452 Words   |  10 PagesNtec Concordia Institute of Business Submitted to: Adrian liew Course: Diploma in Business Management (Level-7) Subject: International trade and finance (BUS571) Submitted By: Amanpreet singh bajaj Student ID:CIB00002YB Assignment: International trade Introduction Quality NZ is a niche supplier of New Zealand’s first quality products and services to the rapidly expanding Indian market, with a specific focus on the food and BeverageRead MoreGlobalization and Its Impact on International Finance6130 Words   |  25 PagesGLOBALIZATION AND ITS IMPACT ON INTERNATIONAL FINANCE CONTENTS 1. Overview†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...1 2. Introduction to the concept of globalization†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..2 3. Different areas of effect of globalization†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 4. International finance†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..9 5. The impact of globalization on international finance i. Relationship between globalization and international finance†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....12 ii. Globalization and its impact on developing countries†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreEssay on finance case vanguard international growth830 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Issues 1. Explain why an individual investor might want to invest in an international growth fund? 2. Describe the risk associated with making an investment in an international growth fund. Identify the risks that would be common to domestic an international funds, and those risk that would be unique to an international fund. 3. Discuss how the fact that foreign companies are not subject to the same accounting, auditing, and financial reporting standards and practices as U.S. companies poses

Police Enforcement And Community Policing - 1657 Words

Over the past few decades community policing has become a new trend in law enforcement. A majority of contemporary police departments now claim to use community policing. Community policing builds on basic policing practices with an emphasis on crime prevention and lasting solutions to problems. Community policing was established in the 1970s, but did not become popular until the 1990s. The goal of community policing is to rebuild the bond between citizens and police officers, while at the same time reducing crime and fear. This then restores a sense of order within the community. Community policing accomplishes these goals by having police officers patrol neighborhoods on foot. This strategy is commonly known as â€Å"walking the beat†. â€Å"Walking the beat† allows officers to interact and become familiar with people functioning within the community. The police officers get to know the people that work and reside in the community on a more personal level. I believe t hat â€Å"walking the beat† is a great tactic because the community develops an actual relationship with the officers assigned to their area, therefore removing the wall of distrust between police and community. Instead of an unfamiliar face that no one knows, the community is familiar with the responder, and therefore more likely to trust him or her and assist the officer in keeping the community safe. This strategy has proven to raise the rate of solved crimes because more witnesses of a crime tend to come forward whenShow MoreRelatedPolice Enforcement And Community Policing849 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Since the surface of Community policing in the 1970’s and making the mark of influence on the strategies of policing throughout the United States, community policing has slowly become the direction of police interaction (Sozer and Merlo, 2013). Originally, having a breakthrough of helping reduce crime in the larger cities of America, smaller cities took the initiative and began the tactic of using community policing in the same efforts to reduce crime in local communities (Sozer and Merlo, 2013)Read MorePolice Enforcement And Community Policing1444 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to COPS and the U.S. Department of Justice, community policing begins with a commitment to building trust and respect between police and communities. Many police department and citizens within the communities collaborate and they more effectively address underlying issues, change negative behavioral patterns, and allocate resources. Bureau of Justice Statistics defines community policing as, â€Å"A philosophy that promotes organizational strategies, which support the systematic use of partnershipsRead MorePolice Policing And Community Policing1513 Words   |  7 Pages Community Policing How effective is community policing? Community policing has several different definitions. In this paper I will prove that community policing is effective by defining, community policing as the police and citizens coming together to create a safe community, stop crime and resolve problems and also urgently responding to the community. Throughout many years, the people’s view of community policing have remained the same. There are some valid causes as to whyRead MoreComparison Contrast: Community Policing vs. Traditional Policing1623 Words   |  7 PagesPolicing in the United States has taken on many different forms and facets in the past 50 years. Although, various modes models of policing styles continue to be introduced, two main aspects of law enforcement have remained constant, (traditional policing community oriented- policing). There are so many different facets, trends, and new emerging technologies in the wide world of law enforcement. First, we will outline a br ief history of the origins and evolvement of policing. Special attentionRead MoreFice Of Community Policing Essay1609 Words   |  7 PagesMission statement, The Office of Community Oriented Policing Services of the U.S. Department of Justice describes community policing as, community policing focuses on crime and social disorder through the delivery of police services that includes aspects of traditional law enforcement, as well as prevention, problem-solving, community engagement, and partnerships. The community policing model balances reactive responses to calls for service with proactive problem-solving centered on the causes ofRead MoreCommunity Policing : An Overarching Law Enforcement Strategy1323 Words   |  6 PagesMidterm: Community Policing Zachary L. DeLuca Boston University Dr. Carney February 8, 2016 â€Æ' Community policing is an overarching law enforcement strategy that works to integrate police departments and officers with the neighborhoods they serve (Carney, 2015). Community policing strives to create a partnership between officers and citizens such that all parties are working towards the common goal of crime prevention and safety (Siegel Welsh, 2015); as described by the Bureau of JusticeRead MoreHow Effective Is Community Policing1225 Words   |  5 PagesHow effective is community policing? Community policing has several different definitions. In this paper I will prove that community policing is effective by defining, community policing as the police and citizens coming together to create a safe community, stop crime and resolve problems and also urgently responding to the community. Throughout many years, the people’s view of community policing have remained the same. There are some valid causes as to why law enforcement leaders consider thatRead MoreCommunity Po licing And Bridging Gap Between The Community And Law Enforcement1649 Words   |  7 PagesCommunity Policing and Bridging the Gap Between the Community and Law Enforcement Matthew Whitworth American Military University Professor McFarland CRMJ203 Patrol Methodologies and Community Policing August 22, 2015 The current landscape of Law Enforcement is as volatile as it has ever been. Police brutality and racism is being highlighted in media coverage daily. In the past year, numerous cases of police brutality have been the central focus of news agencies. The death of Freddy GreyRead MoreEssay on Sir Robert Peel863 Words   |  4 Pageson policing to the varied needs of contemporary society, it was revealed that police departments currently use the nine principles that Peel established in 1829. These principles are used as a foundation for the police to prevent crime and also to preserve a positive relationship with the community. It will be explained how Peel’s policing and principles are being utilized in the modern era and also show his position on policing. In 1829 Sir Robert Peel formed the Metropolitan Police whileRead MoreTheories Of Crime Analysis Spring1300 Words   |  6 Pages Types of Policing Policing is to regulate, control, or keep in order with a law enforcement agency or other official group. It is a job done every minute of every hour of everyday by men and women willing to risk their health and life. To make the job easier different styles or types of policing methods have been developed. Some of the most influential types of policing include community oriented policing, problem oriented policing and intelligence led policing. Community oriented policing

P. T. Barnum Essay Example For Students

P. T. Barnum Essay P. T. BarnumPhineas Taylor Barnum reinvented the circus. His knowledge of what people want and how to make people think they want what he had was amazing. He constantly fooled people and had a way of making the customers come back. Barnum was ultimate salesman. He single handedly turned the circus into the Greatest Show On Earth it is today. P. T. Barnum was born in Bethel, Connecticut on July 5th 1810. He later called himself a Yankee doodle dandy, plus one. He was the oldest of five, all raised in a typical Connecticut saltbox house, which is an average, large house, is that still stands today. His father, Philo Barnum, dabbled in several trades. His father owned his own dry goods store. Barnums mom, Irena Taylor, was a housewife. The family was moderately well off. We will write a custom essay on P. T. Barnum specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Barnum, as a child was influenced by a strict Protestant work ethic. He fallowed a type of Christianity called Congregationalism. Congregationalism was strict about working, learning and keeping yourself busy. Fun was a scarce commodity. About the only fun the church ever had were lotteries, but even those were rare. Also the town liked one-upping each other with outrageous pranks. Phineas Taylor, who was Barnums grandfather, was one of the most notorious jokers in Bethel and also one of the richest men. His longest running joke would be on Barnum. At the boys cresting, he deeded Barnum a piece of land called Ivy Island. For years Barnum herd stories about what a lucky young man he was to be given Ivy Island At the age of ten he set out to see the island himself. Barnum soon found out Ivy Island was named for poisoned ivy. It was an Island in the middle of swamp just east of Bethel. Barnum then learned that he was the unknowing butt of jokes for ten years. Barnum learned from this, a lthough a bit angry, that people loved being humbugged. He would attend school just long enough to maser basic reading, writing and arithmetic skills. At the age of eight Barnum became an apprentice for his fathers dried good store. Although, sadly, in 1826 Barnums father died. The fifteen year old was the familys only means of support. His fathers store changed hands and he went to work for the new owner. Around this time Barnum met Charity Hollet. Charity and Barnum soon got married in 1829 when Barnum was 19. Charity was a devout Congregationalist. With his new bride beside him Barnum set out to make a name for him in business. Like his father he juggled several jobs. He bought his own store in Bethel, he started a newspaper, and he ran a lottery. Much to Charitys dismay Barnum adopted a new religion, Universalism, which offered what he called a more cheerful Christianity. Barnum was strongly opposed to the involvement of the Congregationalist church in local politics. In 1831 he used his newspaper to attack a minister in nearby Danbury Connecticut. The response was nor very cheerful nor very Christian. Barnum ended up with 60 days in the Danbury jail. He published his paper through the jail and portrayed himself as a little guy persecuted by a corrupt religious elite. Public support got him out of jail and made him a political force to be reckoned with. It taught him Theres no such thing as bad publicity.3Charity grew more conservative as Barnum grew more audacious. She wanted to settle down and have children. For the next few years the couple settled down. In 1833 the first of four daughters were born. But P. T. Barnums life took another sudden turn. The next year Connecticut outlawed lotteries. A few weeks later his store went bust. Then the final blow came, the newspaper could not repeat with the well-established Danbury Recorder and folded. Within a few short months he was wiped out. In 1834, with nothing left to lose Barnum moved his family to New York City. Without knowing it he started down the road to the Greatest Show On Earth.4In 1835, against Charitys wishes, Barnum used every penny they had to buy the contract of an elderly slave named Joice Heth. She was

Lab report microbiology Sample

Lab report microbiology Paper The purification of isolates was done by moving Gram +eve rods ND Cisco shaped bacteria to selective media MRS.. And M-17 plates. The isolates were sub cultured till pure isolates were got. From 20 raw milk samples a total of 150 LAB positives were got, in which 22 and 128 were identified as lactic acid Cisco and lactic acid bacilli,respectively. Also, our biochemical tests showed the occurrence 11 and 13 of 11 and 13 Lactoses lactic subs. Careerism and Leucosis misidentifies subs. Careerism among lactic acid Cisco. N the case of lactic acid bacilli, Lasciviously Helvetica 18; Lasciviously plantar 37; Lasciviously braves 8; Lasciviously cases subs. Ease 18 and Lasciviously telecommunications subs. Bulgarians 47 was found. In the lactic acid Cisco and bacilli, Leucosis misidentifies subs. Careerism and Lasciviously telecommunications subs. Bulgarians were found to be the more dominant species, respectively. Bacterial phages were inducted from the Lactic acid bacteria and enumerated by using several biochemical techniques. INTRODUCTION To produce flavor and acidity at desired levels,fermented milk products are prepared in controlled fermentation of milk. (Tap, 2000). Starter culture organisms in this fermentations belongs to bacteria family known as the Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB). These LABS are identified by of morphological,and physiological characteristics. LAB are widely found in nature and almost in all micro flora. LAB are gram positive bacteria and are important in food fermentation. Other species of the genus Lasciviously, Lactoses and Leucosis are added to this group. The lactic acid fermentation process has been known by human for long time and even applied in some activities. LAB has also been an efficient method of natural preservation. Furthermore lab determine the nutritional value, flavor and texture of food and feeds). Industrialization of the illogical revolution of foodstuffs has LAB an economic boost because they are important in safety aspects of fermented products. Lactic acid is used by food industry as an acidulate and preservative for the production of sour curd cheese and yoghurt (Linkable and Griffin, 1971). We will write a custom essay sample on Lab report microbiology specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lab report microbiology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lab report microbiology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Lactose are the major mesospheric bacteria used for acid production in dairy fermentations and used as starter cultures in the manufacture of a vast range of dairy foods including fermented milks, lactic butter, cheese and lactic casein (Ward et al. , 2002). MATERIALS AND METHODS Raw milk samples: Raw milk samples were collected in sterilized specimen tootles from the local dairy shops around the university,including the raw milk from the universitys dairy department. The raw milk were kept at 4 for more use. Acetic acid bacteria isolation from raw milk: The samples were weighed and homogenates aseptically-Each sample, a 1. 10 dilution was made by using potent water then by making a 10 pack of continued dilution. The 0. 1 ml taken from each dilution was then sub cultured duplicate into the M 17 and MRS.. Gars used for isolating LAB (Baddish et al. , AAA; Guesses and Kill, 2004). Len order to counter yeast growth the media were then added with 100 MGM of yuck-hedgier prior to being in cubated in optimum temperatures ( 3000 for 3 days (Buses et al. , 2001; Collaboration et al. , 2005). The agar plates of MS were incubated in anaerobic conditions using the Gas-Pack system at ICC for 3 days to provide an optimum temperature for growing the different genus of bacteria. MI 7 agar plates were also incubated in anaerobic conditions at ICC for 2 days to set up an optimal temperature for growing lactose. Higher dilutions were used to perform total counts. Colonies were then selected randomly and the streak plating method employed to purify the stains. The strains were kept in 2 notations including at ICC (for MRS.. And MI 7 plates ) and at -ICC (for MI 7 and MRS.. Broth) with by 20% glycerol. Identification of the bacterial strains:The strains were subjected to gram staining,catalane and spore formation tests. (Harridan and Menace, 1976). All Colonies were characterized in MRS.. And M 17 gars. The strains that gave gram positive and catalyst negative results were set aside for further identification. (Sharpe, 1979). The growth of the bacteria at different temperatures of between Growth 10-ICC for 3-6 days , resistance to ICC for 30 min (Sherman test), growth in the presence of 20th% NCAA and different pHs (4. And 6. 5) were used to identify the strains of LAB. Argentine and calculi hydrolysis,citrate utilization, acetone procrastinations of gas from glucose and production of Textron from sucrose were also determined. The strains were then tested for fermentation of L-rabbinate, D-close, calaboose, D-fructose, servitor, lactose, melodies, saccharine, D-refines, milestone, manses and glucose. Bacterial growth in the different temperatures were confirmed by turbidity change in MRS.. Or MI 7 after incubation(after 24,48 and 72 hrs). Microbial tolerance to the diverse levels of salt, pH and heat was evaluated. Argentine dehydrates agar and calculi acid agar were used to perform the hydrolysis tests. For determination of citrate utilization and acetone production, citrate and MR..-UP gars were used. MRS.. Or MOM broths with Durham tubes were used for determination of gas production and the dirtier production from sucrose was done in MS. TO assess the sugars fermentation in a medium a solution with the following composition was used (gel-1): bovine extract, 10. 0; neophyte, 10. 0; yeast extract, 5. 0; KAPPA, 2. 0; Cinchona+AH, 5. 0; diamond citrate, 2. 0; Mages, 0. 2; Mains, 0. 5; broom- cresol-purple, 0. 17; teen 80, 1 ml. Carbon utilization was also tested. Phage induction MRS.. Broth liquid cultures were equally divided into two sterile tubes. Each tube was labeled as mitotic C and the other as control. Pill of neomycin was added to the tube labeled as mitotic and aseptic techniques of flaming the neck before and after adding the neomycin. A starch agar plate marked SAT containing nutrien t agar with soluble starch was already provided A casein agar plate that contained nutrient agar mixture added skim milk was given and marked CA. All the three plates were inoculated by streaking of the MRS.. Lasciviously lattes culture. This was done with the help of the loop. The loop was flamed and a colony of the culture was collected. The plates were then streaked with the culture. The plates were then incubated for 12-18 hours at ICC. The bacteria were also transferred into the nutrient agar plate to set up for biochemical tests.. Enumeration of bacterial phages Phage stock was diluted to achieve a plaque count on plates of 100-250 pouf (plaque forming units). All the dilutions were mixed thoroughly in a sterile saline. The phage was then plated by removing one soft agar at a time,then adding 0. Ml of bacterial suspension to it. This was also followed by 0. 1 of diluted phage The agar tube was rolled between palms to mix and quickly pour to suffice of warm base agar plate. Quick gentle figure patterns were done on the surface of the base plate agar The agar was allowed to harden and incubated for 35 degree Celsius for 8 hours. Results Catalane test After incubation, hydrogen peroxide was added to the one colony on the nutrient agar plate. Small bubbles of oxygen Hereford which indicated a positive result for catalane. Figure 2 The catalane test Starch hydrolysis test When iodine solution was poured to the starch agar plate and allowed to rest for lose to 2 minutes,the plate turned blue which indicated the presence of starch that has not been hydrolysis. Fig 1 -Growth of MRS.. Lasciviously lattes on starch agar plate (A) before the addition of iodine solution and (B) after the addition of iodine solution. Agar test The position of the growth in the tube was observed. The growth was throughout the tube, but near the surface, the growth was highest which indicated being rattlebrain. Figure 3- The bacteria stabbed in both the tubes containing AN and MRS Carbohydrate fermentation substrates API test strips were used to identify the bacteria and the results showed it was Lactoses lactic coprocessors 1. Casein Hydrolysis The casein agar plates were examined to see any clearing around the colonies after being incubated for 48 hours. There was no clearing of the agar around the bacterial growth. Therefore, the results showed negative casein hydrolysis. Gelatin hydrolysis Saturated ammonium sultanate was added onto the gelatin agar plate there was no precipitation indicating negative hydrolysis Figure 4 The results obtained after the data was entered on the computer database. Figure 5 The difference between a control and the samples of bacteria. Test for phage induction Once mitotic C was added to the MRS.. Liquid broth, it was observed for the induction of phages. It showed there was a clear lysine of the turbid culture. Figure 6 Comparison between a control and bacteria culture containing mitotic C All 150 Gram *non-cosponsoring mans catalane negative were characterized as follows: Mesospheric homo-fermentation Cisco, 1 1 isolated:alt was characterized by argentine dehydrates negative, argentine hydrolysis negative, citrate negative and action negative This group was identifies as Lactoses lactic subs. Careerism . The microorganisms were spherically shape. They occurred in pairs tit non motile, facultative anaerobic fermentation metabolism. Mesospheric heterogeneitys Cisco, 13 isolated:Microorganisms in this group had a close relation with Leucosis misidentifies subs. Careerism . They were argentine negative,glucose positive,acetone positive and dextrose positive. Laconically bacteria, 128 isolated: The group was divided into 3: (1) Mesospheric facultative heterogeneitys Laconically (55 isolates)launched Laconically plantar (37 isolates)and Laconically. Cases subs. Ease (36 isolates, (2) Thermometric obligate homo-fermentation Laconically (64 isolates) Included Laconically. Leviticus (17 isolates) and Laconically. Telecommunications subs. Bulgarians (47 isolates). They were lactose positive understood positive. (3) mesospheric obligate hetero-fermentation Laconically (8 isolates) Included Laconically. Braves (18 isolates) Discussion It was discovered that mesospheric facultative he tero-fermentation laconically group was divided into two;37 isolates were identified to be laconically plantar mans 18 isolates as laconically cases subs. Ease. This results are also consistent with other research works such as the isolation of lactic acid acetate from Mammas traditional fermented milk(Mahatma et al. ,2004). For the second group, 1 7 isolates were identified as Laconically plantar and 47 isolates identified as laconically delactobacillirueskii subs. Bulgarians. Furthermore,laconically braves isolates(8) were identified using manses and milestone fermentation. In the Cisco group, 12 and 22 isolates were identified as Leucosis misidentifies subs. Careerism and Lactoses lactic subs. Careerism. Respectively.

12 Angry Men Essays - English-language Films, 12 Angry Men

12 Angry Men Essays - English-language Films, 12 Angry Men 12 Angry Men A persons surroundings can influence him. In 12 Angry Men by Reginald Rose a young mans life is held by twelve men with contrasting views. After hearing, the case the jurors go into deliberations. Eleven of the 12 are convinced that the boy murdered his father. However, Juror # 8 a caring man, who wishes to talk about why the other jurors think that the boy is guilty, clashes with Juror # 3, a sadistic man who would pull the switch himself to end the boys life. Early on, it's not revealed why #3 feels so strongly about putting the boy to death. He is just so dead set on killing him though. But because of Juror # 8, the others must now go over the whole case again to review the facts. According to Rose, several elements can influence a jury's verdict, such as the emotional make-up of individual jurors. Many elements can change a jurors decision. Juror #3, who is convinced that the boy is guilty, and is allied with Juror#4, who is eventually convinced by #8 showing of how the two testimonies given by the old woman and old man are lies, votes guilty. Three outraged by this exclaims A guilty man's gonna be walking the streets... he's got to die! Stay with me. But #4 sees the truth that #8 has brought into the light and still votes guilty. Juror #8 tries to convince #3 how the boy is not guilty beyond reasonable doubt but #3 does not listen and would rather see the boy die. For this kid, you bet I'd pull the switch. This shows how emotionally unstable Juror #3 is. He is a grown man living in a civilized community and would like to see a boy who he does not even know die by his own hands Juror #8 does not think highly of Three for what he says about killing the boy and shouts your a sadist. which is the absolute truth about Three. The emotional make-up of a juror can change his decision on weather or not to let a man live or die. When someone is asked to judge someone else, should not you look at al the facts to be sure beyond a shadow of a doubt that the man who committed the crime is guilty? Yes, a juror should look at all the facts but some do not, they just judge the person on looks or how that person feels. In the end, #3 gives in after all the jurors have changed their guilty votes to not guilty, because of # 8. He is left behind. His hatred of the boy revealed because of his similar experiences with his own son. This story shows how close the boy came to death, and if the jurors did not review the evidence, he would have just been killed. It rather teaches the lesson of not jumping to conclusions and reviewing facts thoroughly before acting on vague ones. It really taught me that lesson

Ap Psychology Fall Term Project Essays

Ap Psychology Fall Term Project Essays Ap Psychology Fall Term Project Essay Ap Psychology Fall Term Project Essay AP Psychology Fall Term Project Introduction I am more interested in the abstract and philosophical aspects rather than the more concrete biological aspects of psychology. The topic that interested me the most so far this year and the topic that I continued to research was the topic of morality. I didn’t have a specific question I wanted to address but as I read some articles about people who were institutionalized for violently expressing psychopathic personality traits, I came across an article that asked a question of its own. The article brought up the idea that traits of psychopathy including ruthlessness, charm, mindfulness, focus, fearlessness, and action can be beneficial to the individual. From this idea, the question I sought to answer was â€Å"If we all take on typically immoral psychopathic tendencies, are they no longer immoral? † Summary The article I read came from Scientific American adapted from the non-fiction book The Wisdom of Psychopaths: What Saints, Spies, and Serial Killers Can Teach Us about Success by Kevin Dutton. The main question posed by Dutton is: Can the typical traits of a psychopath benefit people at certain points in their lives? The article is more of an interview with some patients at Broadmoor, â€Å"the best-known high-security psychiatric hospital in England† and an observation rather than a study with measurements and variables. However, applying knowledge of Kohlberg, Brofenbrenner, and Gillian’s theories make the article even more interesting. In the article, Dutton discusses the inmates’ solutions to problems similar to that of the Heinz dilemma, psychopathy and the brain, and a relation to psychopathic traits to religion and happiness. If what he discusses were put into terms of variables, the independent variable could be expression of psychopathic traits and the dependent variable could be anything the traits effect from happiness to inner or universal morality. Discussion In the article, the ideas of the psychopaths can be looked at and evaluated using both Kohlberg and Brofenbrenner’s theories on moral development. In the article Dutton asks one of the inmates a hypothetical question. An old woman moves out of her house to live with her daughter and son-in-law. The house is in an up and coming neighborhood and she can get a good price if she sold it. The only problem is the tenant who doesn’t want to move out. How do you get the tenant to leave? The first thing the psychopath said was â€Å"I’m presuming we’re not talking violence here† indicating that psychopaths do have a sense of the Level II conventional morality described by Kohlberg. The psychopath recognizes that violence is typically punished and looked down upon by law and society, putting the psychopath into at least Stage 4 of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development. Essentially the psychopath solves the problem by saying that someone should pretend to be someone from the health department and tell the tenant that the house is not safe to live in and he must leave as soon as he can. He doesn’t explain his reasoning but most psychopaths are concerned with one thing only: getting the job done. However, the article doesn’t go into why or how the psychopath determined this was the best way to remove the tenant. If the psychopath figured the action would lead to reward (getting the tenant out) and that is the only consequence, he would be in Stage 1 of Kohlberg’s theory and orientation 1of Bronfenbrenner’s theory. On the other end of the spectrum, if the psychopath figured that if the house got sold and the old woman and her daughter and son-in-law could live comfortably, that the expulsion of the tenant (whether he became homeless or even finds another place to stay) would be the greatest good for the greatest number, putting him in Stage 5 of Kohlberg’s theory. This would be orientation 4 of Bronfenbrenner’s theory called objectively oriented morality in which the standing goals of the group override that of the individual. As the conversation continues, the discussion turns to worrying about the future affecting actions in the present. The psychopaths discuss the idea that there’s no use in getting your mind wrapped in what might happen when everything in the present is perfectly fine and that you shouldn’t let your brain get ahead of you. Do in the moment what makes you happy. Dutton describes this as mindfulness. Dutton brings up the fact that embracing the present is something that psychopathy and schools of spiritual enlightenment have in common. When it comes to psychology, Dutton brings up a â€Å"mindfulness-based cognitive-behavior therapy program for sufferers of anxiety and depression. † Surely, mindfulness and living in the present has its benefits but ignoring the future can produce dangerous consequences as well. Since some stages of morality are based on self satisfaction, others the law and religion, and further the good of society, I have answered my question â€Å"If we all take on typically immoral psychopathic tendencies, are hey no longer immoral? † The answer I came up with is, â€Å"it depends. † The reason â€Å"it depends† is because, well, it does. Anyone can have psychopathic traits of mindfulness, ruthlessness, action, charming, and fearlessness; it’s just about how we use them. Sure, Dutton suggests these traits can lead to happines s and success, but in the right amount and for the right reasons. What we consider the â€Å"right reasons† and â€Å"right amount† is also based on our own levels of morality. If everyone was charming, fearless, ruthless, and mindful, we would all be doing what we could to get ahead and be happy. If doing what is necessary to be happy and get ahead became a universally moral idea, then sure, there wouldn’t be a problem with psychopaths, liars, and cheaters. But in the world in which we live, where we all have our own different ideas of good and bad with exceptions and loopholes included, under the â€Å"right† circumstances, these traits are acceptable and useful, but at the â€Å"wrong† times they can be damaging and violating. Should we all just become psychopaths? I guess it just depends. Citation Dutton, K. (2013, January). Wisdom from Psychopaths? [Electronic version]. Scientific American.

Media Technologies and convergence Raymond Williams Essay

Media Technologies and convergence Raymond Williams - Essay Example Raymond Williams is strongly opposed to Marshall McLuhan’s analysis that the world has been altered by television, which is intended to mean that watching television reduces one’s intelligence quotient (IQ). Although McLuhan’s line of thought is somehow consistent with experience in the media, Williams argues that it would be overly deterministic to believe in the precepts of this model. On this point, Williams’ line of thought makes quite a lot of sense because some television programs are greatly educative and laden with facts. The implication is that the society can learn a great deal from these facts and effectively develop their IQs. Technological determinism assumes that technological advancement is an accidental, self-driven process. It pre-supposes that the advancements are never pre-determined by external forces. However, most of the technological developments arise as a result of the needs (either real or perceived) of the society. This way, technology is the ultimate result of many years of carefully designed research. Put differently, the kind of technology that develops in a particular place is normally related to the challenges associated with the place. Technology is, therefore, aimed at providing definitive solutions to the needs and challenges of the society. Williams reinforces this point further by making reference to some television-related inventions such as the electric eye, the copying telegraph, the cathode-ray tube, and the scanning system. The details of these inventions show clearly that discovery of the modern television had been long foreseen, and it was in the process of being perfected. One of the challenges that had motivated the conception and subsequent realisation of these inventions is pressure that came with the expanding business and military operations; a situation that demanded a faster and robust broadcasting platform. Raymond Williams emphasises the value of technology in influencing the cultural perception of television. In doing this, he resists the assertions of McLuhan that the message lies in the medium. Williams reasons that if the medium is the message, then the human component would have been left out of the broadcasting system. Williams further argues that contrary to McLuhan’s beliefs, viewers have the will and ability to alter and or pre-determine the otherwise latent logic of technology and history. This is attributable to two factors: first is that television is part of human life, and second

DUI Task Force Experiment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

DUI Task Force Experiment - Essay Example The Following is a research study to compare the effectiveness of specialized training with that of unspecialized training in improving the efficiency in which the 12 units of the DUI task force prevent DUI related offenses. The researcher tests the management skills of 12 specialized officers, and that of 12 unspecialized officers. He thereafter randomly assigns them to two groups of 12 people each. One group consists of specialized trained officers, and the other group consists of unspecialized officers. In this case, the control group will be unspecialized officers, while the treated group is the specialized officers. In conducting the research, the following methods of data collection will be used. This involves perusing through the records of various officers under experimentation, to find out their efficiency in conducting their duties. This will also involve a look at the tickets issued during the last six months, of the year 2012. This will help in ascertaining the natures of DUI offenses that were common, and how efficient the officers under experimentation managed to reduce them (Dunning, 2012). 1) There is a risk of one group imitating the experiences of another group under comparison. This takes place when for instance the control group, which comprises of unspecialized officers, learns about the program, and tries to imitate the results that come from the treated group. This imitation can affect the posttest performance of the unspecialized officers who fall within the control group. The effect of this is that it will not produce an accurate result of the experiment. 2) Another threat to the internal validity of the program is rivalry among the treated group and control group in relation to compensation. This occurs when there are differences in compensatory packages amongst the control and treated groups. For instance, the unspecialized officers might see the specialized treatment that the specialized

Corporate Social Responsibility Plans and Communications Strategy Literature review

Corporate Social Responsibility Plans and Communications Strategy - Literature review Example A CSR communications strategy provides the potential to generate stakeholder participation, which can yield the discussion, production, and dissemination of meaningful ethical norms and practices. Sensemaking enables different stakeholder groups to openly and comprehensively discuss CSR issues and problems. Stakeholders refer to anyone who will be/are affected by the organization’s goals and actions. Sensemaking allows stakeholders to â€Å"make sense of things in organizations while in conversation with others while reading communications from others while exchanging ideas with others†. Sensemaking expands ways of thinking and doing through collaboration and questioning groupthink processes. Moreover, despite apprehension for CSR intentions, Ihlen, Bartlett, and May (2011) asserted that companies must exert full effort in expressing CSR intentions because it can engender stakeholder participation. They noted that communication theory offers models for stakeholder invol vement and collaboration, including those that deal with conflict and yet build consensus (Ihlen et al, 2011, p.12). Recognizing that companies have self-interests and finding ways to balance that with stakeholder interests are integral to the communication process. Aside from sensemaking, stakeholder theory can improve stakeholder participation. CSR communications treat stakeholders as value-producing in the long run, where value includes financial and social aspects (Morsing & Schultz, 2006, p.324). CSR concerns the critical balance between financial and non-financial goals of organizations.

Ecotourism Is A Very Fast Growing Sector Tourism Essay

Ecotourism Is A Very Fast Growing Sector Tourism Essay This assignment is basically based on eco-tourism. Ecotourism is a very fast growing sector in todays  travel industry. Also known as green tourism, ecotourism is when people use to travel to a destination and take place in observing and interacting with the environment, learning about the cultures and practices of local inhabitants while promoting their well being. I have put together various articles relating to ecotourism. These articles include a study that reveal what makes up ecotourism and how it is being developed. The second article I will to look over describes how business travel organizers are more often considering ecotourism when they scheduling their events. Tourism is travelling for predominantly recreational or leisure purposes or the provision of services to support this leisure travel. The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who travel to and stay in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited. Tourism has become a popular global leisure activity. In 2004, there were over 763 million international tourist arrivals. Eco-tourism:  Ã‚   Perhaps the most over-used and miss-used word in the travel industry. But what does it mean?   The Ecotourism Society defines it as responsible travel to natural areas which conserves the environment and improves the welfare of the local people.   A walk through the rainforest is not eco-tourism unless that particular walk somehow benefits that environment and the people who live there.   A rafting trip is only eco-tourism if it raises awareness and funds to help protect the watershed.   A loose interpretation of this definition allows many companies to promote them as something that they are not.   If true eco-tourism is important to you, ask plenty of questions to determine if your trip will help conserve and improve the places you visit. www.untamedpath.com/Ecotourism/what_is_ecotourism.html Without getting too bogged down in theoretical definitions of tourism, tourist or the tourism industry it is very important to tell the differences between mass tourism and eco-tourism. Mass tourism should have the following characteristics: A concentration on high volume sales with throughputs and turnarounds The shifting of large groups of people en masse to specific developed destination Full utilization of packaged holiday components offered as a single product at an all inclusive price, often with a short term time period. Development of large scale transport systems, infrastructure accommodation, supporting facilities and attractions within destinations, usually at a fast pace and often supply led. Marketing approach is centred on the most hedonistic motives for travel, particularly the sun, sea and tourism products. The key for mass tourism are high volume, large scale, fast pace, hedonistic motives. Eco-tourism, on the other hand, needs to have the following characteristics Be a nature based experience Be low impact and small scale Promotes a conversation ethic Provides support for local communities Provides a learning opportunity Helps to maintain the natural and cultural integrity of certain tourism areas Utilises environmentally friendly techniques and technologies Eco-tourism has missed in past fifteen years from a convenient buzzword to an international movement. It is an attempt to balance the economic development of tourism with the conservation and protection of natural areas and traditional cultures. It underpins the very concept of sustainable development through tourism There are lots of benefits of ecotourism. If done right, there are lots more benefits  of ecotourism than any disadvantage valuable considering. Sadly, the  idea of  ecotourism has been advertised and abused by many people, organizations, and countries to reap profits for themselves. While there are lots of benefits of ecotourism to consider, we also need to consider the disadvantages of ecotourism. Most of the benefits of ecotourism cannot be corrected in our situation since the number of people taking beneficial of ecotourism is far larger than the number of people actually staying true to ecotourism and helping the environment. We can do our part in helping the environment and saving our natural resources at home, in our backyard, in our community and of course, we can help by educating people. Dont let the benefits of ecotourism make we be part of the scams and schemes that constitute the biggest problem in ecotourism. Its aim is to create the viable and sustainable tourism opportunity, and limit the effect that all related movements will have on the environment, while improving the lives of the public living in the place. According to Ecotourism the concept accords of a number of core principles, including: Minimising industrial impact on the environment, building environmental and cultural awareness, empowering local communities, increasing awareness of the political and the environmental and social issues of the country concerned. MAIN BODY In its original way eco tourism is purely nature-based, the adverse impact of tourism on the local culture having been, temporarily, over looked. However, it quickly became clear that when they trying to create a new tomorrow for tourism, to focus on wildlife and natural environment unique, simply did not work. It was also smoothly clarified that in those countries where the local communities where actively indulged in the eco tourism decision-making process there was that they got much higher a success rate, especially in terms of profit. As a result, todays eco tourism encloses the synergistic approach and I think Bulgaria is the best example where eco-tourism applies. Brief Introduction of Bulgaria Bulgaria, which was founded in 681 A.D., is the oldest state in Europe, but its roots reach far deeper into the past. In tombs adorned with frescoes and bas-reliefs in the Valley of the Kings, archaeologists continue to discover beautifully worked golden objects buried with Bulgarias Thracian forebears, some dating to 3000 B.C. Uncovering the countless burial mounds that dot central Bulgaria is a process started in earnest just a decade ago. In that short time, it has become clear that Bulgaria once was home to the worlds most sophisticated goldsmiths. The discoveries also have prompted local claims that it was here, in the shadow of the Balkan Mountains, that Europes first civilization was born. Traversing Bulgarias mountain ranges, which are carpeted with ancient forests and carved by mineral-rich Rivers, you can see why the countrys sophisticated warrior-artists chose to settle in its fertile plains. Bulgaria is a fascinating country, with a temperate climate that is more southern European than eastern. It is this gentle climate, along with a sweeping, sandy beach bordering the Black Sea coastline that continues to attract new visitors, the vast majority of whom arrive in high summer. Most of Bulgarias unique treasures lie hidden in the ancient tombs of the Valley of the Kings; in the mixture of Bulgarian Renaissance architecture and ancient Roman ruins lining the cobbled streets of Plovdiv; in the medieval university town of Veliko Tarnovo that rises precipitously from limestone cliffs above the winding Yantra River; and in the architectural museum towns snuggled deep in Bulgarias mountains. It is particularly the latter, their narrow cobbled lanes and alleys lined with 19th-century stone-and-timber homes, that define Bulgaria as an undiscovered gem. www.frommers.com/destinations/bulgaria/3535010001.html#ixzz18l6bNScq During the earlier phase of the project, work centred on developing systems to encourage sustainable natural resources conservation and management in and near Bulgarian protected areas, and by this management system to benefit local communities. As part of the protected area management application effort, the project applied a competitive group approach to destination development in some regions around two of Bulgarias largest parks Rila and Central Balkan National Parks. Activities involve eco-enterprise development based on non-timber natural resources harvesting, ecotourism destination development by community ecotourism associations, and significant amounts of public guidelines and organizational development. Sustainable tourism aims are addressed by the triple bottom line system that includes social well being, environmental protection and economic development. BCEG Project assistance give their hands in small, independent tourism providers and regional ecotourism associations to anatomise the national ecotourism market. Based on this activity, the Bulgarian ecotourism sector became more confident in its ability to cover a major portion of the European and other international areas. Ecotourism Monitoring ideas were produced in conjunction with Bulgarian National Park and participating ecotourism communities. This Guidebook is used by communities to choose and analyse indicators related to the triple bottom-line of social, environmental and economic growth. The nations first protected region management ideas were developed and approved through the Government of Bulgaria and are being used to guide in-park and outside-park tourism growth and management programs for two national parks and a world heritage site Rila Monasterys Nature Park. A National Ecotourism Strategy and Action ideas for Bulgaria was made and applied by three collaborating ministries under the Project, and presented to the President of the Republic of Bulgaria by the U.S. Ambassador in 2004. Twelve Regional Ecotourism Action ideas were created, and they contributed to the growth of a national ecotourism action ideas. A national ecotourism market survey was directed and used to aware product growth. Two ecotourism department were institutionalized near Rila and Central Balkans National Parks, and members were trained in hospitality skills, destination management, and membership development. many community ecotourism projects were made, and destination management ideas developed for two of these department. Public awareness was increased by the production and distribution of a national parks multimedia CD, mass-media outlets, and conservation education materials. The project helped significantly to national pride in Bulgarias culture and hospitality. It has made a base for tourism diversification, motivated concrete local initiatives toward application of ecotourism activities, relates the complementary motives of cultural and nature tourism, made synergies among donors, and has institutionalized a replicable growth process. The system of developing sustainable tourism strategies and application ideas has yielded many critical lessons: One is the need to clearly monitor and includes all key stakeholders in a strategic planning growth from the onset; it is important to build on present experience and perceptions, and to use these to build case studies materials for success. The ability to relate (at small scale) the activities of government, national authorities and local civil society was instrument to team-building and creating a common set of goals. Each understood they had an vital role to play in any successful ecotourism investment. In the absence of a full fruitful national policy, a partial national policy and many of political good will can do! Ecotourism in Bulgaria was able to capitalize on a changing national tourism development policy that, although centred on mass tourism, was open to form other forms of tourism market diversification. Advertising at national and local levels is not only imp ortant but critical to helping areas, government and even commercial banks, to better understand the opportunities for relating natural and historical resources to rural growth and economic growth activities. Those same information activities and centred campaigns are critical to the growth of a bottom-up system that is based on rapid, information sharing between stakeholders at regional level. Kamelia Georgieva, Bulgarian ecotourism important for the BCEG project, confirmed, Sustainable tourism growth is about social and political engineering, as well as enterprise growth. Public awareness is critical to support this system. Long-term technical and commercial financing helped to governments, NGOs, and the private sectors are needed to implement the sustainable tourism system. Sustainable tourism growth and marketing to national and, more importantly, international areas is important to careful but concerted ecotourism growth. Foremost centred on domestic tourism markets in areas where citizens have a culture of holiday and growing real income will increase the local confidence needed to spread into the global market. International marketing and global market growth are good opportunities for public and private partnerships. There are no better low hanging circumstances for relating common ideas, and shared costs and revenues. Protected regions and cultural landmarks must be saved from bad human impact related with distinct forms of tourism, including eco-tourism. When monitoring impacts and endorsing limits of acceptable use and change, they protected regions and cultural site managers must err on the side of conservation. The unsuccessful to do so can result in costly restoration agendas and the loss of culture and biodiversity. Therefore protected regions and site managers will work with others to: Develop a national process for the enjoyment and utilization of resources and sites that respects and sets boundary on use and change growth mechanisms that effectively endorse the management process. Analyzing threats to biodiversity and cultural and heritage sites and apply ways for mitigating those threats. Monitoring indicators and monitor changes in biodiversity and historical heritage. Implement official systems, standards and ways for the protection of natural resources (species, localities) and cultur al and historical heritage sites in the areas of major conservation value, both inside and outside the protected region network. Growth and utilize special training agendas for training on assessment of desirable change, and increasing the skills of PA administrations, heritage regions managers, representatives of the private sector in the region of eco-tourism, departments and government. There are a number of practical mechanisms growing in Bulgaria to help protected regions conservation and eco-tourism growth several have the capacity to financially benefit protected regions and eco-tourism entrepreneurs. Provisions to grow these mutually beneficial systems are still in their infancy and need to be further monitored and improved. There is a need to:  · Go on to monitor national legislation and reform it to allow fees to be collected from ecological activities to fund the conservation and maintenance of resources and sites of cultural heritage.  · Growth and legalize profitable financial systems that promote the initial goals of sustainable growth and nature conservation monitoring protected regions and eco-tourism financial systems models from other countries that employ the use of limited time redemption or commercial contracts  · Growth model shortens that serve to guide concession relationships, and endorsing their duration and operating systems  · Assign the profits made from these contracts to benefit the goals of nature conservation and local economic development  · Support the development of protected regions Fund to ensure continuing financial help for capital betterments and operating projects departments with a mechanism of protected regions in the country. The PAF would help capital investments, park development projects, cultural sites, and provide eco-tourism growth grants to communities that work in close proximity to protected regions.  · Assign central and municipal cultural funds, envisaged in the Law on Protection and growth of Culture, to help initiatives goals at conserving and using cultural heritage for eco-tourism. Theories Develop Clusters or Networks of Core Eco-tourism and Supply Chain Businesses at the International, National, Regional and Local Levels Scattered eco-tourism activities in the country could profitable from the exchange of information and cost savings related with a national network of eco-tourism providers. The scale of such a network is difficult to measure at the existing time and should evolve from a model that represents the advantages to network subscribers. Eco-tourism groups or networks could start within key areas of the country, growing into a national system. Improve the Entrepreneur Capacity of Businesses and Train Local Communities Providing Eco-tourism Services Many local scommunities with good capacity for providing and benefiting from eco-tourism do not have enough skills and experience to offering eco-tourism products and services to their clients. At a certain stage, small, rural communities are able to measure the advantages of ecotourism as an income generation way and as a municipal growth tool, but they lack the important means and skills to monitoring success. Hence, these communities require small and micro business growth assistance to develop entrepreneurial potentials. Expand Enter to Financing Mechanisms, Equity Investments and Other Funding Resources Circumstances for investing in and financing eco-tourism in Bulgaria are relatively undeveloped. The scale and costs linked to most rural eco-tourism activities and services are not of a enough size to capture much commercial banking help. The scale and location of many of these business growth activities are varied, and represent no logistic and administrative advantage to a commercial bank if they were interested. However, investments in a large number of small-size projects in major target regions, rather than in large-scale individual projects, are needed to grow rural eco-tourism. Eco-tourism financing faces various challenges, and government agency help combined with (a) business planning and best management activities, and (b) financial facilitation and guarantee programs, may provide solutions. The following systems are seen as suitable for advancing eco-tourism models. Facilitate the Development of Effective Small and Medium Eco-tourism Enterprises Small and medium enterprises play a vital role in sustainable growth. SMEs support meeting sustainable growth goals by generating and keeping income and economic improvements closer to home. They are more flexible and readily tailored to offering tourists with extra care or customized services. Implementation Local government engagement and leadership is key to the development and promotion of eco-tourism development. Effective implementation of the NETS by local governments will require:  · An understanding and capacity to develop eco-tourism as part of local government planning and operations  · Establishing local mechanisms for ensuring public and private sector engagement in focused eco-tourism development  · Selecting and applying financial mechanisms to support eco-tourism development, such as national budget, matching grants, public-private sector joint ventures, and links to large-scale tourism development  · Developing and implementing by- laws  · Creating and applying incentives  · Developing and implementing a system of monitoring indicators of success and impact A partnership between the Ministry of Regional Development and the National Association of Bulgarian Municipalities and the Foundation for Local Government Reform, the two national associations that address local government, will help to ensure that eco-tourism is a focus of local government and capacity building. Both the public sector and the national associations must agree to participate in completing the NETS. In doing so, they will build the capacity for their future role in its implementation. CONCLUSION Ecotourism is the future of tourism, but it will resolve the key issue of large-scale ecotourism. Depending on the time, there can be better ecological and economic benefits from large-scale ecotourism. There are already examples in Bulgaria where this is obvious. However, scale is a case-by-case decision. The fundamentals of ecotourism (given that it is taken as given it will be based on green productivity principles, in that it is nature-based, provides quality experiences, is enjoyable, and is profitable not only for the operators but the local community) do not change with a change in scale. Ecotourism is a move to counter this. Its objective is too made viable and sustainable tourism opportunities, and limit the effect that all linked activities will have on the environment, while improving the standards of the local people living in the area. According to Ecotourism.org, the concept involves a number of core principles, including is minimising industrial effect on the environment, building environmental and cultural awareness, raising awareness of the political, and social issues of the country concerned, and make sure that the experience is good for all parties, including visitors and citizens. The objective is to get sustainable and responsible tourism activities to the benefit of all and the detriment of none. One of the most essential factors in the success of any ecotourism program is knowledge. Those proposing the project should gain intimate knowledge of the location, the fauna, the flora and the communities living there. They should know how they effect on each other and how a change in one will affect the rest. They should understand the culture recognising the people relationship with the environment, and how they look the concepts such as land and water gathering materials for personal purposes. Eco-tourism is in its philosophy, centred on cultures, wilderness adventures, personal development and learning new measures to live. It is defined as go to destinations where the flora, fauna, and cultural heritage are the like minor attractions. Responsible eco-tourism involves programs that decreases the adverse impacts of traditional tourism on the natural environment, and improves the cultural integrity of local people.

Organizational Change and Theory Paper Essay

Organizational Change and Theory Paper Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The aspect of managing organizational change is very crucial to any given organization. Organizational change is the execution of new technologies and procedures with an aim of realigning the organization to the changing demands of the firm or benefit from on the business opportunities. The purpose of this paper is to analyze how implementation of new technology of computerized charting was effectively managed in the hospital.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nurses have to deal with the new change of computerized charting though it is hardly a new technology. However, several PC-challenged healthcare experts have taken keen interest to become conversant with this new method to patient information management. Taking interest to increase personal skills and marketability as well as being proactive is likely to influence the nursing career in a positive manner. Recent research findings indicate that more institutions are investing in capturing data by electronic means. The keys to computerized charting in modern market, there are various software vendors and alternatives to choose from. In the office I use epic computer software. The use of electronic means is overwhelming at first, but an individual becomes used to with time. It is much better compared to paper charting (Richards & Keogh, 2008).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many health professionals leaned how to work with epic software in their first day of orientation. There is a lot of improvement since most nurses are able to enter their orders themselves. The epic software will enable all the nurses in the institution to use the system from the basic triage to discharge from inpatient. However, there are some resentment about the system since some nurses find it inefficient claiming that the system crashes down frequently for several hours. Others find it very difficult to use especially to the nurses working on the rapid response departments and it’s a challenge to work on a patients without their medical histories, allergies, procedures and meds. The hospital copes with this problem by having backup system. There are also computer hubs where all nurses can print up their chart, though it is also a sticky situation to be used by the entire hospital (Retrieved from http://www.medscape.com/viewarti cle/810573).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The epic program is very effective when it is working since nurses can enter their progress notes and orders. The other problem that the hospital has to deal with is that there is high probability of nurses clicking the wrong orders. The other problem is that sometimes the system is too slow. The nurses are asked to been with the system and have specific way of entering individual orders for easy identification since one click on the system shows very many orders. However, nurses are given opportunity to access any patient’s order from anywhere at any given time since they can use epic system at the same time (Retrieved from http://allnurses.com/nursing-informatics/epic-computer-program-280071.html).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The hospital’s IT department has provided enough memory and large servers which is a very significant move. This enables the nurses to make their own orders effectively without the system breakdown or becoming too slow. The epic system might be complicated at first since some nurses find it difficult to locate their flow sheets. The nurses who became used to the system are able to program their favorite flow sheets which make it effortless for the nurse to remember to fill them later. The institution has managed this change also by adjusting the system according to their needs. In the epic software many flow sheets are linked such that if nurse document important orders in one place, they will appear in every relevant flow sheet where those orders are required (Retrieved from http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/810573). Ð ¼Numerous cases reveal that it is not always easy to manage effective organizational change, thus organizations should find out the possible causes of the failure. There are a lot of changes occurring across the globe. The changes range from increase in competition, changes in customer preferences as well as changes in technology. Organizations are required to create new advantages, serve customers better and cope with stiff competition. To stay competitive, organizations are required to abandon the work and processes that are not fruitful or those that do not add value to the company. As the nurse head I encourage and offer assistance to the nurses who are not used to the epic software (Richards & Keogh, 2008).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The epic software has various definite advantages. The system can be made effective by frequent training of the nurses on how to program their flow sheets, the IT department should also ensure that there is enough memory and large server; the institution should also adjust the epic software according to the needs of our patients. I would also propose that the flow sheets should be organized in an appropriate manner; the colors might be used to organize the flow sheets in a superior manner. These options will make the epic system to be user friendly (Richards & Keogh, 2008).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In conclusion, change management is very crucial in every institution. The nurses will benefit from various advantages linked to epic software since they will be able to enter their own orders. Computerized charting is better as compared to paper charting. Institutions are called upon to give training and orientation to the nurses so that they can become conversant with this new change. Enough memory and large servers enable the system to be fast and avoid system breakdown. References Charting made incredibly easy! (4th ed.). (2010). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. EPIC Computer Program. (n.d.). Answers Articles and Jobs for Nurses and Nursing Students RSS. Retrieved June 18, 2014, from http://allnurses.com/nursing-informatics/epic-computer-program-280071.html Medscape Log In. (n.d.). Medscape Log In. Retrieved June 18, 2014, from http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/810573 Richards, J., & Keogh, J. E. (2008). Medical charting demystified. New York: McGraw-Hill. Source document

Julian Opie

By Billie-Jo Ellis ? ? ? He was born in London in 1958, but was raised in Oxford. He is recognised for his distinctive contribution to contempory art over the last 3 decades. He graduated from Goldsmith’s School of Art in 1983. In 2008, the four-sided LED sculpture ‘Ann Dancing’ was installed in Indianapolis, USA, as the first artwork on the Indianapolis Cultural Trail. ‘Ann’s’ dress will sway and her arms will move. This is the name given to the work of a group of artists, sculptors and installation artists who began to exhibit together in London in the early 80’s.Many of these were exhibited in the Lisson Gallery. A few examples of artists in the NBS are: Edward Allington; Stephen Cox; Grenville Davey; Anthony Gormley; Julian Opie; Rachel Whiteread; Bill Woodrow and many more. Tim Wood identified 4 major themes in the New British Sculpture movement: ? A synthesis of pop and kitsch. ? A assemblage of the decaying UK urban environment an d the waste of consumer society. ? An exploration of the way in which objects are assigned meanings. A play of colour, wit and humor. I heard about Julian Opie about 2 years ago in school and have liked his work ever since. I like the simplicity of it all, yet he still captures the person in the picture, even his faceless LED work still captures a persona and this is why I like him. I got all my information from own personal knowledge, research on the internet (wikipedia. org and Julianopie. com) and books such as Tate Modern Artists.

France & the Revolution essays

France & the Revolution essays The primary issue that plagued France during the period leading up to the Tennis Court Oath and the Oath Abolishing Feudalism was the disparity between the different social classes in French society. One driving force of this disparity was the amount of monies spent by the monarchy and the first two estates of France that were funded by taxes levied, tithes demanded and rents imposed upon the Third Estate. Another was the lack of respect that the nobility showed towards the middle class of the Third Estate, the bourgeoisie. This group of about a million people consisted of doctors, lawyers, merchants, manufacturers and entrepreneurs who were the wealthiest demographic group in France; yet were still classified as members of the Third Estate and thus treated as inferior by the first two. Finally were the desperate conditions endured by the peasants; twenty-five million people held down with no hope or means of improving their lives. Louis XIVs reign truly exemplified the concept of an absolute monarch who only had God to answer to. It was only on his deathbed that he that expressed regrets about his life as advice to his heir, Louis XV. He encouraged his great-grandson to do more for the people of France than he had done. "My child, you will soon be the king of great realm... Try to preserve peace with your neighbors. I have been too fond of war. Do not imitate me in that, nor in the too great expenditures I have made. Lighten the burdens of your people as soon as you can, and do that which I have had the misfortune not to accomplish myself." The reign of Louis XV clearly shows that he did not pay much attention. Even though he was able to avoid the costs of wars until 1740; Louis XVs appetite for opulence, plus the lack of a proper banking system and the lack of fiscal support from the nobility created a financial disaster in France. In light of the failures of his grandfather,...

Program Observation Reports Essays

Program Observation Reports Essays Program Observation Reports Essay Program Observation Reports Essay Program Observation Reports Name: Course: Lecturer: Institution: Date: Program Observation Reports Part One Observation One In the first observation, the program is called the lower back injuries. The site used for the first observations is Monterey Sports Center. The location of the site is at 301 E Franklin ST., Monterey 93940. The department where the observations are done is the physiotherapy department. The person whom the observation was done with is Gretta Williams-Lijbers. The contact address is (831)646-3700.Observation Two In the second observation, the program to be observed is called arthritis aquatics. The site where the program is offered is Simpkins Swim Center. The location of the site is at 979 17th Ave. Santa Cruz 95062. The contact person used for the observation is Lynn. The number used by Lynn as the contact number is (831)454-7946. Part Two Observation One Diagnosis: Lower Back Pains Prescription: Physical Exercises at the Gym supervised by a qualified therapists. Lower back pains are extremely common to many people all over the world. Therefore, based on the observations made, the program offers extensive physical therapy for the whole body but they concentrate more on the lower back body. This is mainly for the purposes of even bodily exercise for the body and at the same time treating the lower back injuries. During the first week of the program, the patients start with those physical exercises that are not strenuous. This ensures that, the muscles are not destroyed due to rapid expansion of the muscles. However, as the exercises progresses, the patient is introduced to exercises that are more strenuous. The first exercise includes the stretching of the lower back and whole body in general. In this case, the participants were advised to wear comfortable clothing. This is to reduce hindrances when performing the stretching exercises. Additionally, it ensures that the muscles’ soft tissues or the ligaments are not affected when a person is stretching. Secondly, participants were advised to perform the stretching exercises that are not painful. There are certain positions a person might take that would cause a lot of pain in the body instead of stretching the muscles. In this situation, the muscles might be injured causing more harm than good. When performing this exercise, it was observed that stretching should be done on a clean, dry, flat surface large enough to move freely. This eliminates unlikely mishaps that end up causing injury to the people. Moreover, it ensured that participants had enough room to perform all the stretching exercises needed. These stretching exercises included knee to chest stretch. In this case, a participant was to lay on the surface on his or her back. Fold their legs to form a position where the knees point upwards. The participant was the told to pull one of the knees towards the chest with his or her hands and hold for twenty to thirty seconds at the point him or her feels comfortable. After conclusion of stretching in the second week, the exercise that was observed was the low-impact aerobics exercise. In this case, the participants were provided with stationary bicycles where they would cycle for a period. In most case, they were cycling for forty-five minutes. The exercise ensures that there is flow of blood to the lower back of the body. Additionally, the exercise ensures that other important nutrients are also transported to the lower backside of the body. On the other hand, this exercise also helps the other parts of the body like the limbs. This is because they two increase the blood and nutrients flow. The other exercise that was observed is the hamstring stretch in the third week. In this case, the participants were expected to stand and bend down slowly while their legs were straight. Their hands were expected to touch the tip of their feet. The participants were expected to hold when they reached a comfortable place for twenty to thirty seconds. It was observed that the patients repeated the exercise ten times. As explained, this was meant to lengthen the muscles to reduce stress in the lower back pain. Finally, when the participants were shifting from one exercise to another, they were observed to jog on the spot. This was for the purposes of ensuring that there are no tissue or muscle injuries caused by the sudden stopping of the exercises. These exercises were done for more than two months interchangeably. After that, the participants stopped complaining about the back pain injuries showing that the exercises bore fruits. Observation Two Diagnosis: Arthritis Prescription: Aquatic exercises supervised by a qualified therapist Arthritis involves constant pains in the joints. The joints might become swollen while they are aching. Recently, Aquatic therapy has gained popularity in healing patients with arthritis. The observations are for seven weeks. According to the observations made in the program, participants were expected to have a qualified physician in place to supervise the exercise. According to the physician orders, the water in the pool was heated to a certain level of heat. This is to ensure that the participants do not burn while they are in the water. The participants entered the pool so that they can begin the exercise. It was noted that at every beginning of the session the participants were directly to enter into the water fully. No part of the body was to remain out side the water. This was done for twenty to thirty seconds. After that, the patients were expected to walk from one end to another while they were inside the pool. This would continue for twenty minutes as the participants take breaks while still in the water. It should be noted that this exercise was done on the shallow end of the pool. The next exercise was done on the deep end of the water where the patients were expected to stay in the middle of the pool without support for about five minutes and then rest. The exercise was repeated for about five times before the class was over. It was also observed that those participants who new how to swim were the only ones who were allowed to go to the deep end of the pool. Additionally, those who knew how to swim were encouraged to swim after the lesson. This exercise was done for more than two months. Part Three Observation One According to the guideline presented, the class was almost exact. This is because it maintained the level of professionalism and they offered the participants what was in the guideline. For instance, a clear example indicating step-by-step exercises to the back patient is given out. When one is in the program, the exercises are supervised according to what is written in the brochure .In addition, the resources used for the exercises are similar to what is written in the guideline. Therefore, money spend by the participants is worth any penny. In this case, any body who wants to try out the swimming exercises is worth doing it at the gym rather than doing it at home. The main strengths of the class were the professional physicians who were available for the class. They portrayed an amount of professionalism and they were able to offer patients the best physical exercises. Additionally, the rooms and equipments used for the exercise were excellent. The only problem was that the amount of time offered for the class session was too short. The simple back exercises were expected in the observation but the bicycle exercises were not expected. The only recommendation after the observation would be addition of time during the sessions. Observation Two In this observation, the sessions did not fully meet the guidelines presented in the beginning. This is because they did not offer many aquatic exercises as stated in the guidelines. For instance, the guideline was written that there would be physical exercises in form of games. However, after observation there were no physical exercises in form of games. The money spend by the participants is not worth. The strengths of the program were the equipments used for the exercise. The pool was large enough and it had heating equipment. The turn of the participants was the most surprising thing in the observation. The only thing that is worth the participants money is the resources used in the gym. The only recommendation was to increase the number of exercises for the participants. Part Four Observation One I learned a lot from the observation because I did not know that all the exercises are interrelated. For instance, the low aerobics is for the whole body and most people use it for slimming purposes. In addition, aerobics enable the body to relax and it becomes easier to breathe. I was shocked to learn that it is also useful for the lower back injuries. I was shocked to learn that there is a specified timetable for every exercise during the four weeks. For example, in the first week, participants were expected to perform stretching exercises to open there muscles. This ensures that they are not injured while they are performing the strenuous exercises. I would recommend this site for the students because it is educative. Therefore, this assignment was extremely valuable. Observation Two I did not learn as much as I expected. The exercises were like a common basic swimming lesson. This is because the exercises that were being offered are similar to the swimming lessons I took when I was learning how to swim. To make this experience more valuable the physician should consider adding more exiting exercises. I would not recommend any students to perform the exercises under the prevalent conditions. This assignment was not that valuable. The only way to make it more valuable is by increasing more exercises in the program for the participants. After that, I can recommend students to the site.

The Role of Social Capital In the Business Start-up And Essay

The Role of Social Capital In the Business Start-up And Entrepreneurial Development - Essay Example When people work as a group, there are high chances that they will share common understanding towards the goal to be achieved. On the other hand, in can also be seen that â€Å"social capital theory refers to the ability of actors to extract benefits from their social structures, networks, and memberships (Lin, Ensel and Vaughn, 1981; Portes, 1998, as cited in Davidsson and Honig, 2003, p.8). In theory and practice, people use their social structures to determine the things they need in their lives. After deciding what they want, the information is communicated to all members and they are given the opportunity to air their views about the measures that can be implemented in order to transform those ideas into action. All this can happen as a result of social networking where the people exchange their views and ideas such that they can utilise the resources available to transform their lives. There are different types of social networks that exist in different communities. It can be seen that social networks â€Å"provided by extended family, community-based, or organizational relationships are theorized to supplement the effects of education, experience, and financial capital,† (Bourdieu, 1983; Coleman, 1988; 1990; Loury, 1987). It can also be seen that social capital can exist at individual or organizational levels (Nahapiet and Ghoshal, 1998). Individuals in an organization can create links with others so that they can determine the direction to follow when they execute different tasks that are meant to generate wealth. Networks involving family members in business are essential since they promote cohesion among the members involved. Family members as well as relatives have a strong bond among themselves because they... This essay stresses that entrepreneurship is about is about creating wealth by doing something new and/or innovative in order to add value to the society. The underlying themes here include the following: creating wealth, innovation and opportunity. There are different business opportunities that exist in the business environment that are often overlooked by large corporations. Entrepreneurs can identify these opportunities and try to create value to the targeted people. Not all businesses are successful and it can be seen that there are various reasons for this. This paper makes a conclusion that it can be seen that entrepreneurship is mainly concerned with identifying a business opportunity, creating wealth through innovation. As discussed above, it can be observed that this is not an easy feat as many people may think since there are quite a lot of factors that ought to be taken into account. It has also been noted that the aspect of social capital is very important in as far as entrepreneurship is concerned. Social capital is about how people network in order to create value from the resources available. People usually exchange views and opinions through networking and this can help them to generate knowledge which can be transformed into new business ideas. People are likely to be innovative if they share ideas. Thus, it can be seen that social capital is very important to entrepreneurs who want to start new business ventures.

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

History - Essay Example The Kansas-Nebraska Act allowed a vote of the people to determine if slavery would be allowed or not. This causes Kansas to become a battle ground with violence over pro-slavery and anti-slavery views. The Topeka Constitution was created by the legitimate government in Kansas, but the initial government that gained power by fraud continued to remain in power. Dred Scott v. Sandford, a Supreme Court ruling in 1857 ruled that slaves that lived in free territories were still slaves. It further stated Congress did not have the right to exclude slavery from the free territories. In 1860 Lincoln won the election as the first Republican president. The events listed above were a few of the arguments about slavery and slavery in the free territories. If the United States had not expanded its borders the question of slavery might have stayed a free North and slave South longer than it did. However both the North and South felt their way of life was being overrun by the opposite position. It so on became an issue of the whole country had to have slavery or be free. The only other option was for the South to leave the Union. That did not work well either. Bibliography Stevens, J. (2007). Abraham Lincoln's Understanding of the Nature of the Union: Secession, Slavery and the Philosophical Cause.

History and Political Sciences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

History and Political Sciences - Essay Example Let us discuss these factors in some detail in order to know how borders protect us from different national, social, and economic problems. 1. Borders Reduce Crimes Borders protect us from a large number of crimes. Border security forces stop illegal immigrants from entering the premises of a country. Illegal immigrants pose a great threat to the overall safety of the citizens of a country. Increase in the number of crimes and drug trafficking are two of the most noteworthy problems that illegal immigrants cause in any particular country. Illegal immigration refers to the process of crossing the borders of a country illegally. Illegal immigrants are such people who do not have legal documents which can help them enter the premises of a country in a legal way. Such people use illegal ways to cross the borders of well-developed countries. The intent of most of such people is to earn money through illegal ways because they do not have legal work documents with them using which they can earn legal money. Border security forces protect us from such people by continuously looking for people crossing the borders of their countries without legal documents. Almost every country has a proper border security force which protects the borders of the country. The main aim of border forces is to look for suspected people moving near the borders. Most of such people are usually illegal immigrants who are in continuous search of hidden paths through which they can cross the border without coming in sight of the border security forces. A large number of illegal immigrants fall into criminal activities when they find it difficult to earn their livings through legal ways. Crimes, such as, rapes, drug trafficking, violence, and terrorist attacks inject terror in the minds of the citizens. An increase in the number of terrorist attacks in a country and threats of terrorism can also be associated with the presence of a large number of illegal immigrations in the country. The well-kno wn incident of 9/11 which took away the lives of thousands of people is also an outcome of illegal immigration. The terrorists entered the premises of the United States of America illegally and launched a terrorist attack on the world trade center. Since then, the government of America has increased its border security to make its borders safe and secure for the citizens of America. It is a fact that borders ensure safety and security of citizens. If a country will not have any borders, everyone will get the opportunity to enter the premises of the country while destroying the peace of the society. Therefore, we can say that borders ensure safety of citizens by controlling the arrival of suspected people. 2. Borders Improve Economy Borders of a country play a vital role in improving economy of a country. The economy of a country having clearly defined borders flourishes more rapidly and at a constant pace because the government of that country can set proper economic and infrastruct ural policies based on accurate calculations of the total area of the country. On the other hand, the government of a country having weak borders finds it difficult to design a proper economic policy based on total area of the country. Moreover borders reduce illegal immigrations which also results in improving the economy of a country. Illegal immigrations harm the economy of a country as they reduce the number of job opportunities for local people, increase poverty, and decrease foreign

Ammonia Treatment in Textile Processing Essay Example for Free

Ammonia Treatment in Textile Processing Essay Ammonia Treatment in Textile Processing BY Mrzatnqazt Ammonia Treatment in Textile Processing Before Studding Ammonia Treatment we have to know about the Pretreatments in textile processing. Why we do Pre-Treatments? Pretreatment is the heart of processing of textile. Grey cloth after weaving is quite unattractive and contains numerous natural as well as added impurities which hinder the successful carrying out of subsequent step like dyeing, printing and finishing. What are Pre-Treatments? In Pretreatment, all these impurities are removed and fabric is brought to a stage here it is more absorbent and white and can be easily processed further. In other words Pretreatment process could be defined as procedures concerning about the removal of natural and added impurities in the fabric to an optimum level that can provide good whiteness and absorbency by utilizing minimum time, energy and chemicals as well as water. Major steps involved in textile pretreatment are: De-sizing, Scouring, Bleaching and Mercerization or Ammonia Treatment In every step, different chemicals are involved which are: ? » Wetting Scoring Agents, ? » Sequestering Agents, ? » Mercerizing Agents or Liquid Ammonia, nd ? » Hydrogen Peroxide Stabilizers Pretreatment is important!!! 70% of problems during dyeing and finishing are caused by pretreatment. Now What is Mercerization? Mercerization is a method for processing cellulose fibers by alkalis. This processing makes the inside of the fibers swell to exploit new fiber properties beyond their original feel or physical properties. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and ammonia (NH3) are used as the alkaline chemicals for mercerization. Ammonia Mercerizing of cellulose fibers History: The use of ammonia in mercerization has been known since the 1930s and was eveloped commercially for fabric processing around 1970 in what was originally known as the Tedesco process, which was subsequently acquired by the Sanforized company and made well-known as the Sanfor-Set process. The fashion appeal of so-called flat-finish denim resulting from Japanese ammonia-finished denim that many companies substituted caustic-mercerized fabrics, often presenting them as ammonia finished. Working: By combining ammonia mercerization and Sanforizing in a single step shrinkage control is greatly improved in denim. In contrast to caustic mercerization, the fabric is ofter, semi-permanent press properties result and in the case of twill fabrics, there is less seam-puckering in garments, less leg- twist and edge-fraying. Unlike caustic mercerization, the fabric is not degraded, avoiding a harsh hand even after multiple washings. The resistances to abrasion tear and tensile is significantly improved. The original process consisted of passing the fabric though a bath of liquid ammonia with 100% pickup for approximately 10 seconds. The ammonia was removed with dry heat applied by passing over blanketed, steam heated dry cans which removed about 90% f the ammonia which was then recovered by a recovery plant consisting of large, pressurized towers and made available for recycling. The rest of the ammonia, which chemically bonded to the cellulose, was removed by light steaming. Effects ; Defects: The difference in effect as opposed to caustic mercerization is because with ammonia, there is less fiber-swelling, therefore the fibers are more pliable, which Additionally, unlike standard wet-finishing of denim, the ammonia penetrates completely into yarns and fibers, resulting in complete wetting, which is necessary for lasticizing the cotton for consistent shrinkage and elongation. In garments that are fabricated from ammonia treated-fabrics, the garment life is longer after long periods of wear and repeated washings, improving sustainability. Penetration: The much smaller molecular size of ammonia allows it to penetrate completely into every fiber of the fabric, unlike caustic which causes such rapid fiber- swelling that the caustic is blocked at the surface of yarns, preventing further penetration. The surface tension of ammonia at 26 dynes/cm is a third that of caustic (NaOH). The ower surface tension overcomes the enormous resistance of air trapped in the fabric which is a characteristic of heavy cotton fabrics. Additionally, at normal mercerization concentrations of caustic (23%/30 Baume), sodium hydroxide forms a hepta-hydrate with water (NaOH7H20), which results in a slow-moving, bulky group. Permanent- press effects: The permanent-press effects are achieved without the use of cross-linking resins, however, the commonly-used resins are soluble in ammonia and a combination resin finish and mercerizing, plus Sanforizing can be achieved if a soluble catalyst is mployed. Additionally, ammonia acts as a formaldehyde-scavenger and resin- treated fabrics that are ammonia treated will produce no free-formaldehyde. Shrinkage: As a rule, fabric shrinkage depends on the time of exposure to the ammonia, with 80% of the shrinkage occurring in the initial 6 seconds. Very close control of final shrinkage is achieved by fabric tension in the ammonia application in combination with compressive shrinkage. By 1974, the primary application of ammonia mercerization was for treatment of heavy-weight cotton fabrics such as denim and orduroy, which are difficult to properly mercerize with traditional caustic treatments. The ammonia process was intended as a replacement for conventional mercerizing for both fabrics and in mercerizing sewing threads (Petrograd process). Ammonia Recovery: The original ammonia recovery methods required a large capital investment which limited acceptance in the textile industry, however, a more recent design has adopted patented seals that totally isolates the dry and steam process sections in order to avoid ammonia from coming into contact with water and air subsequently liminating the need for an expensive distillation and recovery operation. Furthermore the seals also isolate the machine from the outside environment so that there are absolutely no ammonia odors in the room where the equipment is operating. This unit also does not employ a felt calendar, which can also transfer allowing denim to be processed on the same machine without contamination of non- denim fabrics as well as reducing the problem of back staining with denim that occurs in caustic mercerization, since no water is required for washing.. All the imited residues of non-recyclable ammonia are completely neutralized and can be safely sent to the water treatment plant, so together with the significant reduction in water usage, this newer ammonia process can actually be considered environmentally friendlier than conventional caustic mercerization. Dry-crease recovery: Ammonia- mercerization provides a higher dry-crease recovery and higher shrinkage consistency than caustic mercerization, especially with the dry-steam method of recovery. However, caustic mercerization still has an advantage with regard to luster nd improved depth of color in dyeing, although the uniformity of dyeing after mercerization is significantly improved with ammonia. Ammonia treatment results in a more rounded cotton fiber, which scatters light more, in turn resulting in a luster that is less bright. An additional advantage of ammonia mercerization is the absence of alkaline oxy-cellulose that results with caustic treatments, which is evidenced by strength-losses and dyeing variation. The lower pH of ammonia allows safe treatment of more sensitive fibers like linen (flax) or silk. With caustic treatments of fabrics like enim, the elimination of washing required in caustic mercerization avoids the problems with removing caustic. Mercerizes are not normally equipped with drum washers for removal of caustic from heavy cotton fabrics and contamination remains on the fabric at the time of drying which results in damage to cotton. The use of acetic acid to neutralize creates a problem with the formation of sodium acetate, which produces a very harsh feel. The ammonia process on denims also produces a much flatter, richer appearance and improves the performance on stretch denim improving fit. Tension control: Tension control is important in both ammonia and caustic mercerization for improved fabric tenacity and elongation. Moisture regain is improved in both if tension is applied prior to fiber swelling.