Julian Opie

By Billie-Jo Ellis ? ? ? He was born in London in 1958, but was raised in Oxford. He is recognised for his distinctive contribution to contempory art over the last 3 decades. He graduated from Goldsmith’s School of Art in 1983. In 2008, the four-sided LED sculpture ‘Ann Dancing’ was installed in Indianapolis, USA, as the first artwork on the Indianapolis Cultural Trail. ‘Ann’s’ dress will sway and her arms will move. This is the name given to the work of a group of artists, sculptors and installation artists who began to exhibit together in London in the early 80’s.Many of these were exhibited in the Lisson Gallery. A few examples of artists in the NBS are: Edward Allington; Stephen Cox; Grenville Davey; Anthony Gormley; Julian Opie; Rachel Whiteread; Bill Woodrow and many more. Tim Wood identified 4 major themes in the New British Sculpture movement: ? A synthesis of pop and kitsch. ? A assemblage of the decaying UK urban environment an d the waste of consumer society. ? An exploration of the way in which objects are assigned meanings. A play of colour, wit and humor. I heard about Julian Opie about 2 years ago in school and have liked his work ever since. I like the simplicity of it all, yet he still captures the person in the picture, even his faceless LED work still captures a persona and this is why I like him. I got all my information from own personal knowledge, research on the internet (wikipedia. org and Julianopie. com) and books such as Tate Modern Artists.

France & the Revolution essays

France & the Revolution essays The primary issue that plagued France during the period leading up to the Tennis Court Oath and the Oath Abolishing Feudalism was the disparity between the different social classes in French society. One driving force of this disparity was the amount of monies spent by the monarchy and the first two estates of France that were funded by taxes levied, tithes demanded and rents imposed upon the Third Estate. Another was the lack of respect that the nobility showed towards the middle class of the Third Estate, the bourgeoisie. This group of about a million people consisted of doctors, lawyers, merchants, manufacturers and entrepreneurs who were the wealthiest demographic group in France; yet were still classified as members of the Third Estate and thus treated as inferior by the first two. Finally were the desperate conditions endured by the peasants; twenty-five million people held down with no hope or means of improving their lives. Louis XIVs reign truly exemplified the concept of an absolute monarch who only had God to answer to. It was only on his deathbed that he that expressed regrets about his life as advice to his heir, Louis XV. He encouraged his great-grandson to do more for the people of France than he had done. "My child, you will soon be the king of great realm... Try to preserve peace with your neighbors. I have been too fond of war. Do not imitate me in that, nor in the too great expenditures I have made. Lighten the burdens of your people as soon as you can, and do that which I have had the misfortune not to accomplish myself." The reign of Louis XV clearly shows that he did not pay much attention. Even though he was able to avoid the costs of wars until 1740; Louis XVs appetite for opulence, plus the lack of a proper banking system and the lack of fiscal support from the nobility created a financial disaster in France. In light of the failures of his grandfather,...

Program Observation Reports Essays

Program Observation Reports Essays Program Observation Reports Essay Program Observation Reports Essay Program Observation Reports Name: Course: Lecturer: Institution: Date: Program Observation Reports Part One Observation One In the first observation, the program is called the lower back injuries. The site used for the first observations is Monterey Sports Center. The location of the site is at 301 E Franklin ST., Monterey 93940. The department where the observations are done is the physiotherapy department. The person whom the observation was done with is Gretta Williams-Lijbers. The contact address is (831)646-3700.Observation Two In the second observation, the program to be observed is called arthritis aquatics. The site where the program is offered is Simpkins Swim Center. The location of the site is at 979 17th Ave. Santa Cruz 95062. The contact person used for the observation is Lynn. The number used by Lynn as the contact number is (831)454-7946. Part Two Observation One Diagnosis: Lower Back Pains Prescription: Physical Exercises at the Gym supervised by a qualified therapists. Lower back pains are extremely common to many people all over the world. Therefore, based on the observations made, the program offers extensive physical therapy for the whole body but they concentrate more on the lower back body. This is mainly for the purposes of even bodily exercise for the body and at the same time treating the lower back injuries. During the first week of the program, the patients start with those physical exercises that are not strenuous. This ensures that, the muscles are not destroyed due to rapid expansion of the muscles. However, as the exercises progresses, the patient is introduced to exercises that are more strenuous. The first exercise includes the stretching of the lower back and whole body in general. In this case, the participants were advised to wear comfortable clothing. This is to reduce hindrances when performing the stretching exercises. Additionally, it ensures that the muscles’ soft tissues or the ligaments are not affected when a person is stretching. Secondly, participants were advised to perform the stretching exercises that are not painful. There are certain positions a person might take that would cause a lot of pain in the body instead of stretching the muscles. In this situation, the muscles might be injured causing more harm than good. When performing this exercise, it was observed that stretching should be done on a clean, dry, flat surface large enough to move freely. This eliminates unlikely mishaps that end up causing injury to the people. Moreover, it ensured that participants had enough room to perform all the stretching exercises needed. These stretching exercises included knee to chest stretch. In this case, a participant was to lay on the surface on his or her back. Fold their legs to form a position where the knees point upwards. The participant was the told to pull one of the knees towards the chest with his or her hands and hold for twenty to thirty seconds at the point him or her feels comfortable. After conclusion of stretching in the second week, the exercise that was observed was the low-impact aerobics exercise. In this case, the participants were provided with stationary bicycles where they would cycle for a period. In most case, they were cycling for forty-five minutes. The exercise ensures that there is flow of blood to the lower back of the body. Additionally, the exercise ensures that other important nutrients are also transported to the lower backside of the body. On the other hand, this exercise also helps the other parts of the body like the limbs. This is because they two increase the blood and nutrients flow. The other exercise that was observed is the hamstring stretch in the third week. In this case, the participants were expected to stand and bend down slowly while their legs were straight. Their hands were expected to touch the tip of their feet. The participants were expected to hold when they reached a comfortable place for twenty to thirty seconds. It was observed that the patients repeated the exercise ten times. As explained, this was meant to lengthen the muscles to reduce stress in the lower back pain. Finally, when the participants were shifting from one exercise to another, they were observed to jog on the spot. This was for the purposes of ensuring that there are no tissue or muscle injuries caused by the sudden stopping of the exercises. These exercises were done for more than two months interchangeably. After that, the participants stopped complaining about the back pain injuries showing that the exercises bore fruits. Observation Two Diagnosis: Arthritis Prescription: Aquatic exercises supervised by a qualified therapist Arthritis involves constant pains in the joints. The joints might become swollen while they are aching. Recently, Aquatic therapy has gained popularity in healing patients with arthritis. The observations are for seven weeks. According to the observations made in the program, participants were expected to have a qualified physician in place to supervise the exercise. According to the physician orders, the water in the pool was heated to a certain level of heat. This is to ensure that the participants do not burn while they are in the water. The participants entered the pool so that they can begin the exercise. It was noted that at every beginning of the session the participants were directly to enter into the water fully. No part of the body was to remain out side the water. This was done for twenty to thirty seconds. After that, the patients were expected to walk from one end to another while they were inside the pool. This would continue for twenty minutes as the participants take breaks while still in the water. It should be noted that this exercise was done on the shallow end of the pool. The next exercise was done on the deep end of the water where the patients were expected to stay in the middle of the pool without support for about five minutes and then rest. The exercise was repeated for about five times before the class was over. It was also observed that those participants who new how to swim were the only ones who were allowed to go to the deep end of the pool. Additionally, those who knew how to swim were encouraged to swim after the lesson. This exercise was done for more than two months. Part Three Observation One According to the guideline presented, the class was almost exact. This is because it maintained the level of professionalism and they offered the participants what was in the guideline. For instance, a clear example indicating step-by-step exercises to the back patient is given out. When one is in the program, the exercises are supervised according to what is written in the brochure .In addition, the resources used for the exercises are similar to what is written in the guideline. Therefore, money spend by the participants is worth any penny. In this case, any body who wants to try out the swimming exercises is worth doing it at the gym rather than doing it at home. The main strengths of the class were the professional physicians who were available for the class. They portrayed an amount of professionalism and they were able to offer patients the best physical exercises. Additionally, the rooms and equipments used for the exercise were excellent. The only problem was that the amount of time offered for the class session was too short. The simple back exercises were expected in the observation but the bicycle exercises were not expected. The only recommendation after the observation would be addition of time during the sessions. Observation Two In this observation, the sessions did not fully meet the guidelines presented in the beginning. This is because they did not offer many aquatic exercises as stated in the guidelines. For instance, the guideline was written that there would be physical exercises in form of games. However, after observation there were no physical exercises in form of games. The money spend by the participants is not worth. The strengths of the program were the equipments used for the exercise. The pool was large enough and it had heating equipment. The turn of the participants was the most surprising thing in the observation. The only thing that is worth the participants money is the resources used in the gym. The only recommendation was to increase the number of exercises for the participants. Part Four Observation One I learned a lot from the observation because I did not know that all the exercises are interrelated. For instance, the low aerobics is for the whole body and most people use it for slimming purposes. In addition, aerobics enable the body to relax and it becomes easier to breathe. I was shocked to learn that it is also useful for the lower back injuries. I was shocked to learn that there is a specified timetable for every exercise during the four weeks. For example, in the first week, participants were expected to perform stretching exercises to open there muscles. This ensures that they are not injured while they are performing the strenuous exercises. I would recommend this site for the students because it is educative. Therefore, this assignment was extremely valuable. Observation Two I did not learn as much as I expected. The exercises were like a common basic swimming lesson. This is because the exercises that were being offered are similar to the swimming lessons I took when I was learning how to swim. To make this experience more valuable the physician should consider adding more exiting exercises. I would not recommend any students to perform the exercises under the prevalent conditions. This assignment was not that valuable. The only way to make it more valuable is by increasing more exercises in the program for the participants. After that, I can recommend students to the site.

The Role of Social Capital In the Business Start-up And Essay

The Role of Social Capital In the Business Start-up And Entrepreneurial Development - Essay Example When people work as a group, there are high chances that they will share common understanding towards the goal to be achieved. On the other hand, in can also be seen that â€Å"social capital theory refers to the ability of actors to extract benefits from their social structures, networks, and memberships (Lin, Ensel and Vaughn, 1981; Portes, 1998, as cited in Davidsson and Honig, 2003, p.8). In theory and practice, people use their social structures to determine the things they need in their lives. After deciding what they want, the information is communicated to all members and they are given the opportunity to air their views about the measures that can be implemented in order to transform those ideas into action. All this can happen as a result of social networking where the people exchange their views and ideas such that they can utilise the resources available to transform their lives. There are different types of social networks that exist in different communities. It can be seen that social networks â€Å"provided by extended family, community-based, or organizational relationships are theorized to supplement the effects of education, experience, and financial capital,† (Bourdieu, 1983; Coleman, 1988; 1990; Loury, 1987). It can also be seen that social capital can exist at individual or organizational levels (Nahapiet and Ghoshal, 1998). Individuals in an organization can create links with others so that they can determine the direction to follow when they execute different tasks that are meant to generate wealth. Networks involving family members in business are essential since they promote cohesion among the members involved. Family members as well as relatives have a strong bond among themselves because they... This essay stresses that entrepreneurship is about is about creating wealth by doing something new and/or innovative in order to add value to the society. The underlying themes here include the following: creating wealth, innovation and opportunity. There are different business opportunities that exist in the business environment that are often overlooked by large corporations. Entrepreneurs can identify these opportunities and try to create value to the targeted people. Not all businesses are successful and it can be seen that there are various reasons for this. This paper makes a conclusion that it can be seen that entrepreneurship is mainly concerned with identifying a business opportunity, creating wealth through innovation. As discussed above, it can be observed that this is not an easy feat as many people may think since there are quite a lot of factors that ought to be taken into account. It has also been noted that the aspect of social capital is very important in as far as entrepreneurship is concerned. Social capital is about how people network in order to create value from the resources available. People usually exchange views and opinions through networking and this can help them to generate knowledge which can be transformed into new business ideas. People are likely to be innovative if they share ideas. Thus, it can be seen that social capital is very important to entrepreneurs who want to start new business ventures.

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

History - Essay Example The Kansas-Nebraska Act allowed a vote of the people to determine if slavery would be allowed or not. This causes Kansas to become a battle ground with violence over pro-slavery and anti-slavery views. The Topeka Constitution was created by the legitimate government in Kansas, but the initial government that gained power by fraud continued to remain in power. Dred Scott v. Sandford, a Supreme Court ruling in 1857 ruled that slaves that lived in free territories were still slaves. It further stated Congress did not have the right to exclude slavery from the free territories. In 1860 Lincoln won the election as the first Republican president. The events listed above were a few of the arguments about slavery and slavery in the free territories. If the United States had not expanded its borders the question of slavery might have stayed a free North and slave South longer than it did. However both the North and South felt their way of life was being overrun by the opposite position. It so on became an issue of the whole country had to have slavery or be free. The only other option was for the South to leave the Union. That did not work well either. Bibliography Stevens, J. (2007). Abraham Lincoln's Understanding of the Nature of the Union: Secession, Slavery and the Philosophical Cause.

History and Political Sciences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

History and Political Sciences - Essay Example Let us discuss these factors in some detail in order to know how borders protect us from different national, social, and economic problems. 1. Borders Reduce Crimes Borders protect us from a large number of crimes. Border security forces stop illegal immigrants from entering the premises of a country. Illegal immigrants pose a great threat to the overall safety of the citizens of a country. Increase in the number of crimes and drug trafficking are two of the most noteworthy problems that illegal immigrants cause in any particular country. Illegal immigration refers to the process of crossing the borders of a country illegally. Illegal immigrants are such people who do not have legal documents which can help them enter the premises of a country in a legal way. Such people use illegal ways to cross the borders of well-developed countries. The intent of most of such people is to earn money through illegal ways because they do not have legal work documents with them using which they can earn legal money. Border security forces protect us from such people by continuously looking for people crossing the borders of their countries without legal documents. Almost every country has a proper border security force which protects the borders of the country. The main aim of border forces is to look for suspected people moving near the borders. Most of such people are usually illegal immigrants who are in continuous search of hidden paths through which they can cross the border without coming in sight of the border security forces. A large number of illegal immigrants fall into criminal activities when they find it difficult to earn their livings through legal ways. Crimes, such as, rapes, drug trafficking, violence, and terrorist attacks inject terror in the minds of the citizens. An increase in the number of terrorist attacks in a country and threats of terrorism can also be associated with the presence of a large number of illegal immigrations in the country. The well-kno wn incident of 9/11 which took away the lives of thousands of people is also an outcome of illegal immigration. The terrorists entered the premises of the United States of America illegally and launched a terrorist attack on the world trade center. Since then, the government of America has increased its border security to make its borders safe and secure for the citizens of America. It is a fact that borders ensure safety and security of citizens. If a country will not have any borders, everyone will get the opportunity to enter the premises of the country while destroying the peace of the society. Therefore, we can say that borders ensure safety of citizens by controlling the arrival of suspected people. 2. Borders Improve Economy Borders of a country play a vital role in improving economy of a country. The economy of a country having clearly defined borders flourishes more rapidly and at a constant pace because the government of that country can set proper economic and infrastruct ural policies based on accurate calculations of the total area of the country. On the other hand, the government of a country having weak borders finds it difficult to design a proper economic policy based on total area of the country. Moreover borders reduce illegal immigrations which also results in improving the economy of a country. Illegal immigrations harm the economy of a country as they reduce the number of job opportunities for local people, increase poverty, and decrease foreign

Ammonia Treatment in Textile Processing Essay Example for Free

Ammonia Treatment in Textile Processing Essay Ammonia Treatment in Textile Processing BY Mrzatnqazt Ammonia Treatment in Textile Processing Before Studding Ammonia Treatment we have to know about the Pretreatments in textile processing. Why we do Pre-Treatments? Pretreatment is the heart of processing of textile. Grey cloth after weaving is quite unattractive and contains numerous natural as well as added impurities which hinder the successful carrying out of subsequent step like dyeing, printing and finishing. What are Pre-Treatments? In Pretreatment, all these impurities are removed and fabric is brought to a stage here it is more absorbent and white and can be easily processed further. In other words Pretreatment process could be defined as procedures concerning about the removal of natural and added impurities in the fabric to an optimum level that can provide good whiteness and absorbency by utilizing minimum time, energy and chemicals as well as water. Major steps involved in textile pretreatment are: De-sizing, Scouring, Bleaching and Mercerization or Ammonia Treatment In every step, different chemicals are involved which are: ? » Wetting Scoring Agents, ? » Sequestering Agents, ? » Mercerizing Agents or Liquid Ammonia, nd ? » Hydrogen Peroxide Stabilizers Pretreatment is important!!! 70% of problems during dyeing and finishing are caused by pretreatment. Now What is Mercerization? Mercerization is a method for processing cellulose fibers by alkalis. This processing makes the inside of the fibers swell to exploit new fiber properties beyond their original feel or physical properties. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and ammonia (NH3) are used as the alkaline chemicals for mercerization. Ammonia Mercerizing of cellulose fibers History: The use of ammonia in mercerization has been known since the 1930s and was eveloped commercially for fabric processing around 1970 in what was originally known as the Tedesco process, which was subsequently acquired by the Sanforized company and made well-known as the Sanfor-Set process. The fashion appeal of so-called flat-finish denim resulting from Japanese ammonia-finished denim that many companies substituted caustic-mercerized fabrics, often presenting them as ammonia finished. Working: By combining ammonia mercerization and Sanforizing in a single step shrinkage control is greatly improved in denim. In contrast to caustic mercerization, the fabric is ofter, semi-permanent press properties result and in the case of twill fabrics, there is less seam-puckering in garments, less leg- twist and edge-fraying. Unlike caustic mercerization, the fabric is not degraded, avoiding a harsh hand even after multiple washings. The resistances to abrasion tear and tensile is significantly improved. The original process consisted of passing the fabric though a bath of liquid ammonia with 100% pickup for approximately 10 seconds. The ammonia was removed with dry heat applied by passing over blanketed, steam heated dry cans which removed about 90% f the ammonia which was then recovered by a recovery plant consisting of large, pressurized towers and made available for recycling. The rest of the ammonia, which chemically bonded to the cellulose, was removed by light steaming. Effects ; Defects: The difference in effect as opposed to caustic mercerization is because with ammonia, there is less fiber-swelling, therefore the fibers are more pliable, which Additionally, unlike standard wet-finishing of denim, the ammonia penetrates completely into yarns and fibers, resulting in complete wetting, which is necessary for lasticizing the cotton for consistent shrinkage and elongation. In garments that are fabricated from ammonia treated-fabrics, the garment life is longer after long periods of wear and repeated washings, improving sustainability. Penetration: The much smaller molecular size of ammonia allows it to penetrate completely into every fiber of the fabric, unlike caustic which causes such rapid fiber- swelling that the caustic is blocked at the surface of yarns, preventing further penetration. The surface tension of ammonia at 26 dynes/cm is a third that of caustic (NaOH). The ower surface tension overcomes the enormous resistance of air trapped in the fabric which is a characteristic of heavy cotton fabrics. Additionally, at normal mercerization concentrations of caustic (23%/30 Baume), sodium hydroxide forms a hepta-hydrate with water (NaOH7H20), which results in a slow-moving, bulky group. Permanent- press effects: The permanent-press effects are achieved without the use of cross-linking resins, however, the commonly-used resins are soluble in ammonia and a combination resin finish and mercerizing, plus Sanforizing can be achieved if a soluble catalyst is mployed. Additionally, ammonia acts as a formaldehyde-scavenger and resin- treated fabrics that are ammonia treated will produce no free-formaldehyde. Shrinkage: As a rule, fabric shrinkage depends on the time of exposure to the ammonia, with 80% of the shrinkage occurring in the initial 6 seconds. Very close control of final shrinkage is achieved by fabric tension in the ammonia application in combination with compressive shrinkage. By 1974, the primary application of ammonia mercerization was for treatment of heavy-weight cotton fabrics such as denim and orduroy, which are difficult to properly mercerize with traditional caustic treatments. The ammonia process was intended as a replacement for conventional mercerizing for both fabrics and in mercerizing sewing threads (Petrograd process). Ammonia Recovery: The original ammonia recovery methods required a large capital investment which limited acceptance in the textile industry, however, a more recent design has adopted patented seals that totally isolates the dry and steam process sections in order to avoid ammonia from coming into contact with water and air subsequently liminating the need for an expensive distillation and recovery operation. Furthermore the seals also isolate the machine from the outside environment so that there are absolutely no ammonia odors in the room where the equipment is operating. This unit also does not employ a felt calendar, which can also transfer allowing denim to be processed on the same machine without contamination of non- denim fabrics as well as reducing the problem of back staining with denim that occurs in caustic mercerization, since no water is required for washing.. All the imited residues of non-recyclable ammonia are completely neutralized and can be safely sent to the water treatment plant, so together with the significant reduction in water usage, this newer ammonia process can actually be considered environmentally friendlier than conventional caustic mercerization. Dry-crease recovery: Ammonia- mercerization provides a higher dry-crease recovery and higher shrinkage consistency than caustic mercerization, especially with the dry-steam method of recovery. However, caustic mercerization still has an advantage with regard to luster nd improved depth of color in dyeing, although the uniformity of dyeing after mercerization is significantly improved with ammonia. Ammonia treatment results in a more rounded cotton fiber, which scatters light more, in turn resulting in a luster that is less bright. An additional advantage of ammonia mercerization is the absence of alkaline oxy-cellulose that results with caustic treatments, which is evidenced by strength-losses and dyeing variation. The lower pH of ammonia allows safe treatment of more sensitive fibers like linen (flax) or silk. With caustic treatments of fabrics like enim, the elimination of washing required in caustic mercerization avoids the problems with removing caustic. Mercerizes are not normally equipped with drum washers for removal of caustic from heavy cotton fabrics and contamination remains on the fabric at the time of drying which results in damage to cotton. The use of acetic acid to neutralize creates a problem with the formation of sodium acetate, which produces a very harsh feel. The ammonia process on denims also produces a much flatter, richer appearance and improves the performance on stretch denim improving fit. Tension control: Tension control is important in both ammonia and caustic mercerization for improved fabric tenacity and elongation. Moisture regain is improved in both if tension is applied prior to fiber swelling.