Phase 1 - Concepts and terminology of statistics applied to business Essay - 2

Phase 1 - Concepts and terminology of statistics applied to business decision-making 4-20 - Essay Example Mean-  the arithmetic mean (mean) of a list of numbers is the sum of all the members of the list divided by the number of items in the list. A  classic example of Arithmetic mean is average income. The arithmetic mean may be misinterpreted to imply that most peoples income is higher than the case in fact is.† In statistics, mean has two related meanings: MEDIAN-  The median is the number which is in the exact  middle of the data set. Literally, it is the value in the middle. â€Å"The statistical median is the middle number of a group of numbers that have been arranged in order by size. If there is an even number of terms, the median is the mean of the two middle numbers: If there is an even number of terms, add the two middle terms and divide by 2.†Ã‚   (Statistical Median). Mode means the number that appears the most often, if working with only one variable. In statistics, mode means the most frequent value assumed by a random variable, or occurring in a sampling of a random variable. The term is applied both to probability distributions and to collections of  experimental data. Range  - It means the difference between the highest and the lowest value. The range is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data. It is calculated by subtracting the smallest observations from the greatest and provides an indication of  statistical dispersion. The mid range point is the half way between two variables. .Variance -   In probability and statistics , the variance of a   random variable, is a probability distribution , a measure of its statistical dispersion , indicating how its possible values are spread around the expected value . Where the expected value shows the location of the distribution, the variance indicates the scale of the values. A more understandable measure is the square root of the variance, called the Standard deviation... For a population, range is more than twice the standard deviation. Variance

Does the Law of Torts consist of a fundamental general principle that Assignment

Does the Law of Torts consist of a fundamental general principle that it is wrongful to cause harm to other persons in the abse - Assignment Example Developments in common law support the latter perspective. Earlier cases on negligence supported the first view but latter trends in jurisprudence reinforced the second perspective. A core principle in tort law is the non-materiality of intent or motive. The rationale for this principle is the prevention of the danger posed in leaving the jury with the responsibility of determining the liability of the defendant based on their views towards the propriety or wrongfulness of the defendant’s motives, especially since it is difficult to determine the motives of the defendant. (Cohen and Cohen 211) This principle developed from several cases. In The Mayor of Bradford v. Pickles, the court held that an improper or even malicious motive that causes damage but is not against the law is not actionable. The court rejected the claim of the plaintiffs because diverting underground water, regardless of intent, is within the property rights of the defendant and therefore legal. The same pri nciple has been reiterated in Allen v. Flood and Abbott v. Sullivan. Non-materiality of intent coincides with the second perspective. The first perspective expresses the general rule on tort liability subject only to negation by a justification or excuse. ... The claimant has to focus on showing that the action of the defendant falls under the actionable acts. The act itself is material and the intent is not, so that the second perspective aligns with the principle of non-materiality of intent. The law of torts comprise of a set of rules that establish particular types of harm or injury. As such, liability for tort only ensues when the action of the defendant is proven to fall within this set of rules. (Cohen and Cohen 211) Chapter 32 of the Torts Act 1977 defines the actions considered as wrongful interference with goods, which are â€Å"(1) conversion of goods, (2) trespass to foods, (3) negligence that results in damage to goods or to an interest in goods, and (4) subject to section 2, any other torts so far as it results in damages or to an interest†. The Occupier’s Liability Acts of 1956 and 1984 describes the minimum duty of care towards people’s safety of an occupier (e.g. shop owner, land tenant), who invites other people into the premises or has trespassers. Tort law provisions set the coverage of actionable wrongs to the exemption of all uncovered actions. Liability does not accrue for actions not falling under the forms of wrongful interference with goods and duty of care towards people’s safety is not enforceable in other circumstances apart from what was described by law. As such, tort law expresses the second perspective since it involves a set of specific rules citing harmful activity to the exclusion of other acts. The specific rules in tort law require that the primary question asked is whether the injury claimed by the plaintiff falls within the specific forms of harmful activity (Cohen and Cohen 211). Again, this expresses the second perspective. If tort

Property Tax Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Property Tax - Essay Example Assuming that David is having more than property in UK, assuming that David new property at 12, Mudchute Court is second property owned by him or one of the many properties he owned, then, for reducing his capital gain tax, he can claim the following as a deduction from the capital gains earned on the disposal of 12, Mudchute Court namely fees paid to solicitors, all professional fees paid to estate agents, Stamp Duty Land Tax (SDLT) and expenses incurred for improving the property. Further, as David lived in the new property bought for few weeks, he can term it as â€Å"principal private residence† to avail exemptions between properties he owned as he is planning to sell it after two years. However, David has to establish some corroborations that he lived there for some time albeit even it is for short-term. If David resided in that house even for some weeks in the new property which should be his second or one of the many properties owned by him, which facilitates him to write off the past three years of capital gains when David decides to sell it after two years. Thus, David should elect the new property as his residence and should inform the Income-Tax Authorities within two years of purchase of 12, Mudchute Court. It is to be noted that the choice can be changed by the David if he wants to select some other property he owned. If he fails to inform about his â€Å" principle private residence â€Å" to tax authorities , then , he would be losing hi s chance to claim exemption from capital gain taxes under the above scheme4. It is to be noted that just living in the property for avoidance of capital gain taxes can prove to be costlier to David as held in Court of Appeal in HRMC5 case where the defendant employed an intricate chain of derivative transactions to minimise capital gain tax on  £10.7 m. The court opined that any

Drug Use Among African-American Adolescent Females Essay

Drug Use Among African-American Adolescent Females - Essay Example In addition, substance use and abuse leads to poorer performance in school, premature dropping out, legal complications, and poor employment opportunities. These are precisely the problems that a young African-American female is ill equipped to confront in a world where race and gender may already place them at a disadvantage. African-American adolescent females have made great strides in confronting drug abuse, yet there are still several risk factors that they are routinely exposed to. Substance abuse has been identified as the nation's number one health problem. It is critical to address the problem of teenage drug use as most users begin using AOD before they turn 15 years old (Lewis et al., 2002, p.15). For the purposes of this paper, an adolescent is a person attending school in grades 13 through 18 years old. Reaching and intervening into this age bracket is one of the keys to the success of stemming the tide of drug addiction. It is decidedly relevant to understand the scope of the problem as well as the triggers and stressors that may lead a young black female to use drugs or relapse after a treatment program. The economical cost to society makes it financially imperative to intervene at a young age. An untreated drug problem costs society almost four times as much as would be spent on a residential treatment program (Lewis et al., 2002, p.56). There is also a great personal cost attached to the abuser of AOD. Physical health suffers not only from the drugs , but also from poor eating habits and the stress involved with the stigma of drug use. The legal status of teen use of drugs can destroy a young girl's life by disrupting the educational process and exposing them to other criminal activity. While substance abuse is a major threat to our public health, it is one that the nation cannot afford to ignore. Stressors that raise the risk of drug use are often not gender or race specific, though there are some notable exceptions. In general, females in their teen years tend to use slightly fewer drugs than their male counterparts. Nearly 50 percent of men and women have tried an illegal drug by their senior year of high school, and alcohol is the most popular drug of choice followed by marijuana (Johnston, O'Malley, Bachman, and Schulenberg, 2007, p.115). However, marijuana is the drug that is most regularly used, with 1 percent of 8th graders smoking it daily, and 5 percent of 12th graders using the drug daily (Johnston et al., 2007, p.90). In contrast to the typical stereotyping of the media, African-American teens use fewer drug and less often than their Caucasian or Hispanic cohorts (Johnston et al., 2007, p.132-135). This misperception may be due to the strong correlation between poverty and drug use, and the over-representation of African-Americans in the nation's penal system. Howe ver, the statistics clearly indicate that adolescent African-American females are one of the lowest using demographic groups. There are several pressures that come to bear on young African-American women to begin using drugs. Having an opportunity beyond high school has a significant impact on a student's decision to postpone experimenting and using drugs. Marijuana use by 8th graders is 50 percent lower among the students who are planning on attending a 4-year college (Johnston, et al., 2007,

Into Thin Air Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Into Thin Air - Case Study Example The implications of decision making and persuasion of a group by a mountain climbing leader led to the death of nine people within a single day as a bad storm walloped up on Mount Everest (Krakauer, 2009). From the narration of Jon Krakauer, it is revealed that during this mountain climbing experience, three more lives were lost before a month elapsed. This mountaineering experience at Everest took place in the spring of the year 1996. In decision making, information or knowledge is one of the most crucial elements of a leader of a group. This is because if there is lack of knowledge, making of choices is not likely to be informed. For example the climbers in the case study had no knowledge that anything was likely to go wrong as they started their commercial expedition for the Everest Summit at the South Col. It is lack of any knowledge of what was ahead that persuasion was achieved and the group made a decision to go ahead with the expedition. Nonetheless, leaders of a group are ob liged to make members aware of the risks which are associated with the decisions that they make (Robert, 2001). This is demonstrated in the case where it is said that all members of the mountaineering expedition were conscious of the possible trouble that they would face but they did not realize that it would lead to loss of lives and make it the worst mountaineering expedition at Mount Everest (Krakauer, 2009). ... Experience makes leaders capable of making the right decisions and the success they attain inn decision making is attributed to the faith that members of a group have for such leaders and their persuasion appeal (Robert, 2001). The decision making of the climbing guide for the team was a fixed and strict turnaround timing which Hall put at 1 pm. It is notable that during the climbing experience most climbers did not adhere to the turnaround time as posted by the guide. This is seen by the fact that some climbers turned around at 3 pm (Krakauer, 2009). In this sense it can be argued that the guide of the climbing expedition was not able to successfully persuade the group of the importance that was attached t adherence to the turnaround time and the possible consequences that would emanated from decisions of failing to turnaround when expected. The decision Hall had for the group for the 1 pm turnaround proved to be very costly for the whole group. This is because of the fact that at t his time the air at the mountain is very thin (Krakauer, 2009). It is in light of this sentiment that it is argued that the decision that was made by the leader of the group was not sufficiently informed. And if it was informed it s evident that the leader was ready to take risks associated to decision making. Nonetheless the ability of the leader in convincing the group to the 1 pm turnaround demonstrates how persuasion for a group would lead to decisions that are likely to lead to negative implications late on. Charisma and eloquence are usually attributed to the ability of leaders to make persuasive decisions that make members of a group convinced to follow suit to what is decided by the leader. In light of the case study, it can be argued that it is the

Ichthyosis Essay Example for Free

Ichthyosis Essay While the ichthyoses constitute a rather large spectrum of about 20 cornification disorders that fit the definition and about 10 with more localized symptoms, they all are various permutations of a hyperkeratotic skin disorder that are characterized by an overgrowth and thickening of the corneal layer of the epidermis with localized erythema, and are classified from their; genetic or acquired origin, inheritance patterns, gene defects, etiologically as enzyme deficiencies, structural protein defects, regulatory protein defects, or other, and clinically as a syndromic ichthyosis, non-syndromic ichthyosis, or as a related condition. The term â€Å"ichthyosis† is derived from the Greek word ‘ichthys’ meaning ‘fish’. And aptly named as it is, a patient with ichthyosis will present with scaly dry ‘fish-like’ skin. The severity of scaling in ichthyotic patients runs a very broad spectrum, from severe to mild, where it blends into the realm of ‘dry skin’, or xerosis. The most minor of the ichthyoses, ichthyosis vulgaris, in its’ more mild forms, presents with light flaking and irritated apperence can be confused with simple xerosis. While the skin of patients with lamellar ichthyosis, is characterized by heavily pigmented, plate (armor) like armor scales that are both obvious and often debilitating. And while all forms of ichthyosis present with a flaky or scaly appearance, several other characteristic clinical features are used as hallmarks of a particular types of ichthyosis so as to distinguish them from one another. In general congenital forms such as lamellar ichthyosis, congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma, epidermolytic hyperkeratosis, and ichthosis bullosa will present at birth with a yellow, tight and shiny, ‘collodion-like’ membrane which sheds in 2-3 weeks to reveal a flaky dry skin and in cases of ichthyosis bullosa, redness and blistering, especially over flexures. The traits of congenital ichthyosis, from obvious scaly appearance, to inflexibility and pain, are all permanent and life-long conditions that even after stabilization and survival are strongly inhibitory to normal psychological and sociological development. With such a dramatic difference in appearance and physical performance, ichthyosis sufferers are very nearly always ostracized as children, often with negative effects and stunted development. The two basic types of ichthyosis are defined by their method of origin as either genetic or acquired. In inherited ichthyosis; specified as autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked, a mutation in a gene causes an abnormality in the normal life cycle of skin, leading to a build-up of excess skin either because of the overproduction of the replacement skin cells or because when the time comes when old cells have to be drop off they do not separate very well from the surfaces of the skin. This disruption will result to accumulation of skin cells to thick flakes which may look like fish scales, adhering themselves to the body. Acquired ichthyosis often appears as a manifestation of systemic disease, described in association with malignancies, drugs, endocrine and metabolic disease, HIV, infection, and autoimmune conditions It is usually is associated with people who have Hodgkins disease but it is also occurs in people with mycosis fungoides, other malignant sarcomas, Kaposis sarcoma and visceral carcinomas. It can occur in people suffering from leprosy, AIDS, tuberculosis, and typhoid fever. With such a rate of variation between the severity of various ichthyotic conditions and the degrees of variance within the conditions themselves, it is impossible to place a single prognosis or plan of treatment on ichthyosis or any ichthyotic condition in particular. In actuality since ichthyosis is such a rare disorder with such a low rate of incidence; with the most common, ichthyosis vulgaris at 1 in 250, X-linked at 1 in 6,000 in males and ichthyoses in their entirety at about 1 in 250,000, more often the not, it must be evaluated and treated on a case to case basis. However despite the tremendous margin of difference between conditions the basic objective remains the same, to aid the skin in retaining moisture, shedding, and in the promotion of a softer, suppler, more flexible skin surface. While no cure for ichthyosis exists the current treatment options for an ichthyotic patient are topical therapy, bathing, and mechanical scale removal, along with psychosocial support for patient and family via patient organizations. Topical therapy focuses on the regeneration of the epidermal barrier by water binding, Transepidermal Water Loss (TEWL) reduction and reformation of the lipid barrier or anti-inflammation with the regular use of ointments containing lipids, keratolytic, and/or hydrating substances. Therapeutic bathing seeks to loosen scales and residual medications in addition to hydrating the skin with bland baths up to twice a day with sodium bicarbonate, wheat, corn, or rice starch, during which scales and hyperkeratoses are mechanically removed using repetitive gentle rubbing using microfiber household towels, pumice stones, or special silk gloves. Typically the prognosis for very poor for infants born with the most severe ichthyoses, such as epidermolytic hyperkeratosis and harlequin ichthyosis where the child is born with severe blistering and huge, thick scales punctuated by deep fissures, if the infant doesn’t die within the first few days of life from dehydration, the next several weeks leave the neonate extremely prone to infection, sepsis and death. While if an infant does survive into its’ first few months of life, the chances of survival are relatively good, as with the other degrees of ichthyosis, once the conditions’ more life-threatening symptoms have been stabilized, the survivability rate is much better and work can begin to be done on improving the quality of life. In cases such as these tremendous advancements have been made with the introduction of specialized intensive care units and a recent evolution of Retinoid medications, along with the various creams, salves and ointments aimed at moisturizing the skin and aiding the skin in shedding. Of the topical lotions, ointments and creams themselves, advancements have been made in the use of nanotechnology, in order to more finely mill the medications in the salves into nano-sized particles, greatly increasing the absorption into the skin and productiveness of topical treatment. Since ichthyosis is a genetic disorder the search for an absolute â€Å"cure† has been largely limited to gene therapy and stem cell research, the latter of which is hindered by legal and ethical debate, while the former has been extremely restricted since a string of gene therapy related deaths in 2002, since which gene therapy has been largely limited to severe autoimmune diseases with fatal prognosises. So the bulk of ichthyosis-related research has been directed toward creating new products to alleviate the symptoms and provide a higher standard of living. However in 2009, a major victory was won for the sufferers and researcher of inherited ichthyosis, when the conclusion of the First Ichthyosis Consensus Conference held in Soreze, France, on January 23 and 24, 2009, where subcommittees on different issues proposed terminology that was debated until consensus was reached. The classification project started two years prior, at the First World Conference on Ichthyosis in 2007. And after its’ completion, allowed for a universal system of taxonomy was adopted for the nomenclature involving inherited ichthyosis. Works Cited http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1198130-overview

Imports of French Wine in China

Imports of French Wine in China Report on French wine from France to China France shared about one third of the import wine market in China. And China is now the fifth biggest export destination for French wine. In Figure 1, we briefly describe the main process of French wine from France to China. Figure 1. Main Process of French Wine Supply chain The supplier in the supply chain is the French vineyard. The manufacturer, winery, purchase the grapes from the vineyard and ship the wine to bottling estate. The French wine import company, as the distributor, import different brands of French wine and then distribute all the French wine to retailers in China such as Carrefour and Walmart. At last, Chinese customers can buy French wine from these retailers. Regarding to the organizational network in this case, wineries or agencies of the import companies play the role of shipper. And the import companies play the role of consignee. At port of arrival, the financial flows are from import companies which is the distributor to the forwarder and bank; from forwarder to customs, inspection authorities, on carriers and shipping line agent; from shipping line agents to port authorities, port services, customs and terminal operators. At port of departure, the financial flows are from shipping line agents to port authorities, customs, port s ervices and terminal operator; from forwarders to insurance companies, pre-carriers and shipping line agents; from wineries or agents of import companies, which are the shippers in this case, to the forwarder. And connect the organizational network in ports of departure together with the network in ports of arrival, the financial flow also exists from banks in ports of arrival to banks in ports of departure and from banks in ports of departure to the wineries or agents of import companies. When it comes to the logistics network, the goods flows generally follow the main process of the supply chain. Wines are bottled by bottling estates and stuffed in empty containers and then transported to the export terminals. Containers with wines then collected and loaded on sea vessels and arrive import terminals. At last, after discharged from sea vessels, wines can be collected by import companies and distributed to retailers. If we put the supply chain processes into a cycle view, the procur ement cycle is between wineries/bottling estates and vineyards/bottles suppliers. The manufacturing cycle is between wineries/bottling estates and French wine import companies. The replenishment cycle is between French wine import companies and retailers such as Carrefour and Wal-mart. And the customer order cycle is between retailers and customers such as restaurants and individuals. On the other hand, if restaurants or other customers place orders directly to the import companies, the import companies bypass the retailer such as Carrefour and Wal-mart, then the customer order cycle will be between customers and import companies, and the replenishment and manufacturing cycle will be between import companies and wineries. If we put the supply chain in a push/pull view, retailers execute the process in the customer order cycle after the customer order arrives. All processes that are part of the customer order cycle are pull processes. And other processes from suppliers to retailers a re push processes because they respond to speculated rather than actual demand. If we also take direct order from customers to import companies into consideration, the push/pull boundary will be between import companies and customers, and import companies will be the actual retailers in this situation. There are several transport activities involve in French wine. First, vineyards ship fresh grapes to the wineries. Second, wineries will use the producing process to brew wine. Third, wines will be transported to bottling estates to subpackage them to wine bottles or just handled by bulk in barrels. Meanwhile, empty bottles and corks are transported to bottling estates for bottling French wines. No matter what kind of packages, bottles or bulk, wine will be loaded to containers. The containers which load wine bottles or barrels will be shipped by sea transport or air transports. Figure 2. Sea transport route from France (Paris) to China (Shanghai) The sea transport route from France (Port Rouen) to China (Shanghai) is mainly through the Suez Canal and showed in Figure 2. After wine arrive at the port, they will be stored in warehouse of distributors. When Distributors received orders from retailors, they will ship the wine to retailors’ warehouse and customers are able to purchase French wines from retailors, just like Wal-mart or the shop of vintner. On the other hand, some big customers, for instance, hotels will give orders directly to the distributors to get French wine and they store wines in their cellar. The main packages used to transport wines are barreled or bottled, they will all be loaded into containers for further sea transport or air way which we mentioned above. However, bottled wines are more popular than bulk ones to individual custumers and restaurants. Due to glass bottles are fragile cargo, transport requirements are undoubtedly more higher than normal goods. Reefer containers are requested for several types of wines to maintain the transport temperature at about 10 degree centigrade, which cause transport costs for wines are higher. For French wines, storage and handling procedure happen in all process of supply chain. The storage of fresh grape in vineyards and wineries. The wines stored during manufacturing procedure and warehouses of distributors and retailors. The main handling process of French wines to China is container ship voyage and showed in figure. After arriving at China port, wines will be discharged from containers and sent to distributors’ wareho use. Finally wines will be delivered to final destination that is retailors’ shops according to retailors’ order. This is the main logistics network design of French wine to China. To assess important supply chain characteristics of French wine to China, we have to understand French wines’ characteristics and their customers. The transport requirements of French wines are high due to the frangibility of glass bottles and a constant temperature is requested in the whole supply chain of French wine. On the other hand, French wines are variable and classified to different levels, from Vin de Table to A.O.C so that target customers are totally different. As a result of that, the uncertainty of French wines to China are higher than normal beverage supply chain, such as fruit juice or bears. From the book of Sunil Chopra and Peter Meindl, supply chain responsiveness including the definitions: â€Å"Respond to wide ranges of quantities demanded; Meet short lead times; Handle a large variety of products; Build highly innovative products; Meet a high service level and Handle supply uncertainty†. Based on Chinese custom reportà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’Chinese imports of wines increased from 2.86 hundred million in 2010 to reach 3.95 hundred million in 2012. French wines share about one of third import wine market of China. The quantities and variety of French wines increasingly raised and their characteristics of high value-added than normal beverage require a higher service level. From the question 3, we estimate the transport and warehousing costs of the final product price which we notice the transport cost of French wine to China are higher than normal beverage like Coca-Cola is about 6% of final price. So supply chain efficiency of French wine supply chain is not great due to costs of manufacturing and delivering to customer is not average compared to other beverage supply chain. â€Å"The Great Wall† wine is a famous wine brand in China which manufacture in Hebei Province and all its supplier is from China. It is very clear that the transport cost, labor cost and material cost are obviously lower than French wines that manufactured in France and bottled in France. And the target market of â€Å"The Great Wall† is focus on the low-end market so that the price of â€Å"The Great Wall† is also lower than some brands of French wines. A normal bottle of â€Å"The Great Wall† retail price in 750 ml is about 3 to 5 euro and a French one is about 10 to 15 euro. According to a Chinese wine information website, the profit of French wines in China is about 30%~50% and Chinese wines are only about 11% which is much lower than French wine. From the aspect of supply chain characteristics, Chinese wines are not like French wines, the brand of Chinese wines are much less and manufactured by only several big companies. Due to focal warehouse and m anufacture with headquarter in China, Chinese wines supply chain can use minimize inventory and pursue the lowest cost of transport. â€Å"The Great Wall† can predict the market more accurate than French wine company and the uncertainty of domestic supply chain is lower. The conclusion is that â€Å"The Great Wall† wine compared to French wine supply chain is less responsive. However, its supply chain efficiency is greater than French brands imported from France. After evaluating the supply chain of French wine from France to China and comparing it with local brands, we conclude that the supply chain has some disadvantages as follows. Firstly, due to the sea transportation part, the transportation costs are much higher for French wine than those for local brands. Secondly, a French wine costomer places greater emphasis not on quantity of the product but the product variety and response time than on cost. So that wineries need to base their competitive strategies on costomer priorities. However, also due to the sea transportation part, wineries may fail to response immediately to costomers’ orders of French wines of different year. For example, once a costomer want one bottle of French wine produced in 2004, and he can’t find it in Carrefour and Wal-mart, he will turn to local brands’ products. To solve this problem, our idea is to build a new vineyard and chateau in China. Through this new strategy design of supply chain, wineries are able to transport French wines by road or railway instead of sea transportation, which can dramatically reduce the transportation costs for wineries. Furthermore, wineries don’t need to cooperate with import companies anymore and take over the role of distributor, which can increase the supply chain ownership. Last but not least, this new supply chain strategy also fit the competitive strategy better since wineries can response immediately to costomers’ priority of product variety. On the other hand, it takes time for wineries to build local vineyard and chateau in China, so they have to keep the old supply chain strategy before the local vineyard and chateau are built. Besides, the investment in China also influence the profit of wineries in the short run. But we believe that the new strategy is much better and it worth the investment in a long run. References Searates database (2015), †Sea Route from Paris to Shanghai†, Searates,  http://www.searates.com/services/routes-explorer/?filter-st=1from=alat=48.856614alng=2.3522219000000177to=blat=31.230416blng=121.473701container= derived in 2015.1.10 Chopra S, Meindl P. Supply chain management. Strategy, planning operation [M]. Gabler, 2007. Weining Du, French Wine Importation and distribution in Shanghai [D]. East China University of Science and Technology, 2010. Xudong Pan, A study on China Coca-Cola Supply Chain Model [D]. Xiamen University, 2002. Anonymous (2012), â€Å"Statistics report about 2012 Import wines†, wine.cn,  http://www.wine.cn/html/201302/17560.html derived in 2015.1.11 Great Wall Wine Staff (2015), â€Å" Brand Introduction of Great Wall Wine†, Great Wall Wine,  http://www.greatwallwine.com.cn/pinpaijieshao.html derived in 2015.1.10